文言文	现代汉语	English
始建国元年正月朔，莽帅公侯卿士奉皇太后玺韨，上太皇太后，顺符命，去汉号焉。	始建国元年正月初一，王莽率领公侯卿士捧着皇太后的御玺和绶带，进献给太皇太后，顺应符命，去掉了汉朝的名号。	In [the year-period] Shih-chien-kuo, the first year, the first month, on the first day of the month, [Wang] Mang led the highest ministers, marquises, high ministers, and gentlemen to offer the imperial seal and [ceremonial] apron of an Empress Dowager and present it to the Grand Empress Dowager [nee Wang, in order to] obey the mandate [given through] the portents and do away with her title from the Han [dynasty].
初，莽妻宜春侯王氏女，立为皇后。	起初，王莽娶了宜春侯王咸的女儿为妻，立她为皇后。	Previously, [Wang] Mang had married a daughter of the Marquis of Yi-ch'una, [Wang Hsien], who was surnamed Wang. She was made the Empress.
本生四男：宇、获、安、临。	她原本生了四个儿子：王宇、王获、王安、王临。	She had originally given birth to four boys: Yü, Huo, An, and Lin.
二子前诛死，安颇荒忽，乃以临为皇太子，安为新嘉辟。	其中两个儿子此前已被处死，王安精神有些恍惚，于是立王临为皇太子，封王安为新嘉辟。	Two sons had previously been executed. [Wang] An's mind was almost completely gone, so [Wang Mang] made [Wang] Lin the Imperial Heir-apparent, and made [Wang] An the Admirable Prince of the Hsin [House.
封宇子六人：千为功隆公，寿为功明公，吉为功成公，宗为功崇公，世为功昭公，利为功著公。	封王宇的六个儿子为公爵：王千为功隆公，王寿为功明公，王吉为功成公，王宗为功崇公，王世为功昭公，王利为功著公。	Wang Mang] enfeoffed the six sons of [Wang] Yü: [Wang] Ch'ien as Duke of Prospering Merits, [Wang] Shou as Duke of Brilliant Merits, [Wang] Chi as Duke of Perfected Merits, [Wang] Tsung as Duke of Eminent Merits, [Wang] Shih as Duke of Shining Merits, and [Wang] Li as Duke of Marked Merits.
大赦天下。	大赦天下。	A general amnesty [was granted] to the empire.
莽乃策命孺子曰：“咨尔婴，昔皇天右乃太祖，历世十二，享国二百一十载，历数在于予躬。	王莽于是下策书给孺子说：“唉，你刘婴，从前上天辅助你的始祖，历经十二代，享有国家二百一十年，天命轮到我身上。	[Wang] Mang thereupon gave a charter-mandate to the Young Prince [Liu Ying], which said, " `O thou' Ying! Anciently, August Heaven assisted the Grand Founder of your [dynasty, Emperor Kao, so that his descendants] succeeded [each other] for twelve reigns and enjoyed the state for two hundred ten years. `The [Heaven]-determined order of succession rests upon my person.'
《诗》不云乎？‘侯服于周，天命靡常。’	《诗经》不是说过吗？‘诸侯臣服于周，天命没有固定不变的。’	Does not the Book of Odes say, `They became subject to the Chou [dynasty, for] the mandate of Heaven is not constant'?
封尔为定安公，永为新室宾。	封你为定安公，永远作为新朝的国宾。	I enfeoff you as the Duke of Established Tranquillity, forever to be a guest of the Hsin House.
於戏！敬天之休，往践乃位，毋废予命。”	啊！恭敬地享受上天的福佑，前往你的封国就位，不要违背我的命令。”	Alas! Reverence the beneficence of Heaven. Go and take your position and do not neglect my commands."
又曰：“其以平原、安德、漯阴、鬲、重丘，凡户万，地方百里，为定安公国。	又说：“把平原、安德、漯阴、鬲、重丘五县，共一万户，方圆一百里，作为定安公国。	It also said, "Let a region a hundred li square, with altogether ten thousand households in [the prefectures of] P'ing-yüan, An-tê, T'a-yin, Ko, and Chung-ch'iu become the state of the Duke of Established Tranquillity,
立汉祖宗之庙于其国，与周后并，行其正朔、服色。	在定安公国内建立汉朝祖宗的祠庙，与周朝后代的待遇相同，使用汉朝的历法和服饰颜色。	and let there be set up a temple to his ancestors, [the Emperors] of the Han [dynasty], at his state, just as [was done] for the descendants of the Chou [dynasty]. Let him carry on the first day of the [Han] first month and the colors of the robes of that [dynasty],
世世以事其祖宗，永以命德茂功，享历代之祀焉。	代代祭祀汉朝祖宗，凭借他们的美德和丰功伟绩，永远享受后代的祭祀。	from generation to generation serving his ancestors, so that they may eternally, because of their famous virtue and abundant achievements, enjoy sacrifices for successive generations.
以孝平皇后为定安太后。”	以孝平皇后为定安太后。”	Let the Empress [nee Wang] of [Emperor] Hsiao-p'ing become the Duchess Dowager of Established Tranquillity."
读策毕，莽亲执孺子手，流涕歔欷，曰：“昔周公摄位，终得复子明辟，今予独迫皇天威命，不得如意！”	策书宣读完毕，王莽亲自握住孺子的手，流泪叹息说：“从前周公代理王位，最终能把政权归还给周成王，如今我偏偏被上天的威严命令所逼迫，不能如自己的心意！”	When the reading of the charter was ended, [Wang] Mang himself grasped the hand of the Young Prince, dropped tears, and sighed, saying, "Anciently, when the Duke of Chou had the position of regent, he was finally able to `return [the government] to his intelligent prince.' [But] now, only [because] I am pressed by the majestic mandate of August Heaven, am I unable to follow my intention [to return the government to you]."
哀叹良久。	叹息了很久。	He sorrowed and sighed for a long time.
中傅将孺子下殿，北面而称臣。	中傅带着孺子走下殿堂，面向北自称臣下。	A Palace Tutor took the Young Prince down below the Hall, faced him north, and pronounced him a subject [of the new dynasty].
百僚陪位，莫不感动。	百官陪侍在旁，没有不感动的。	None of the many lower officials who acted as assistants to those who had positions [in the court at this ceremony] failed to be moved and influenced.
又按金匮，辅臣皆封拜。	又按照金匮中的名单，对辅政大臣都进行了封爵任命。	The coadjuting ministers were moreover all enfeoffed and installed according to [the list in] the metal casket.
以太傅、左辅、骠骑将军安阳侯王舜为太师，封安新公；	任命太傅、左辅、骠骑将军安阳侯王舜为太师，封安新公；	The Grand Tutor Assisting on the Left and General of Agile Cavalry, the Marquis of An-yang, Wang Shun, became the Grand Master and was enfeoffed as the Duke Giving Tranquillity to the Hsin [Dynasty].
大司徒就德侯平晏为太傅，就新公；	大司徒就德侯平晏为太傅，封就新公；	The Grand Master over the Masses, the Marquis Conforming to Virtue, P'ing Yen, became the Grand Tutor and the Duke Conforming to the Hsin [Dynasty].
少阿、羲和、京兆尹、红休侯刘歆为国师，嘉新公；	少阿、羲和、京兆尹、红休侯刘歆为国师，封嘉新公；	The Junior Supporter, the Hsi-and-Ho and Governor of the Capital, the Marquis of Hung-and-Hsiu, Liu Hsin, became the State Master and the Duke Honoring the Hsin [Dynasty].
广汉梓潼哀章为国将，美新公：是为四辅，位上公。	广汉梓潼人哀章为国将，封美新公：这四人是四辅，位列上公。	Ai Chang, from Tzu-t'ung in Kuang-han [Commandery], became the State General and the Duke Beautifying the Hsin [Dynasty]. The foregoing were the Four Coadjutors. Their rank was that of the highest rank of the highest [ministers].
太保、后承承阳侯甄邯为大司马，承新公；	太保、后承承阳侯甄邯为大司马，封承新公；	The Grand Guardian Serving at the Rear, the Marquis of Ch'eng-yang, Chen Han, became the Commander-in-chief and the Duke Serving the Hsin [Dynasty].
丕进侯王寻为大司徒，章新公；	丕进侯王寻为大司徒，封章新公；	The Marquis Making Great Efforts, Wang Hsün, became the Grand Minister over the Masses and the Duke Ornamenting the Hsin [Dynasty].
步兵将军成都侯王邑为大司空，隆新公：是为三公。	步兵将军成都侯王邑为大司空，封隆新公：这三人是三公。	The General of Foot-soldiers, the Marquis of Ch'eng-tu, Wang Yi, became the Grand Minister of Works and the Duke Prospering the Hsin [Dynasty]. The foregoing were the three highest ministers.
大阿、右拂、大司空、卫将军广阳侯甄丰为更始将军，广新公；	大阿、右拂、大司空、卫将军广阳侯甄丰为更始将军，封广新公；	The Grand Supporter Aiding on the Right, the Grand Minister of Works and General of the Guard, the Marquis of Kuang-yang, Chen Feng, became the General of a New Beginning and the Duke Extending the Hsin [Dynasty].
京兆王兴为卫将军，奉新公；	京兆人王兴为卫将军，封奉新公；	Wang Hsing, from the imperial capital, became the General of the Guard and the Duke Upholding the Hsin [Dynasty].
轻车将军成武侯孙建为立国将军，成新公；	轻车将军成武侯孙建为立国将军，封成新公；	The General of Light Chariots, the Marquis of Ch'eng-wu, Sun Chien, became the General Establishing the State and the Duke Perfecting the Hsin [Dynasty].
京兆王盛为前将军，崇新公：是为四将。	京兆人王盛为前将军，封崇新公：这四人是四将。	Wang Sheng, from the imperial capital, became the General of the Van and the Duke Exalting the Hsin [Dynasty]. The foregoing were the Four Generals.
凡十一公。	共十一位公爵。	Altogether there were eleven highest ministers.
王兴者，故城门令史。	王兴原是城门令史。	Wang Hsing was a former clerk to a Prefect of a City-gate,
王盛者，卖饼。	王盛原是卖饼的。	and Wang Sheng had been a seller of cakes.
莽按符命求得此姓名十余人，两人容貌应卜相，径从布衣登用，以视神焉。	王莽按照符命找到十多个有这样姓名的人，这两人的相貌与占卜和相面的结果相符，于是直接从平民提拔任用，以显示神意。	In accordance with the mandate [given through] the portent, [Wang] Mang sought out and secured more than ten persons with these surnames and given names. These two persons' features responded to divination and physiognomization, so they were elevated directly from [the condition of] wearing plain clothes and were given [these high] offices, in order to show that it was a supernatural [matter].
余皆拜为郎。	其余的人都被任命为郎官。	The other persons [with these surnames and given names] were all installed as Gentlemen.
是日，封拜卿大夫、侍中、尚书官凡数百人。	当天，受封任命的卿大夫、侍中、尚书官共数百人。	On this day, altogether several hundred persons were enfeoffed and installed in the offices of high ministers, grandees, Palace Attendants, and Masters of Writing.
诸刘为郡守，皆徙为谏大夫。	刘氏宗室担任郡守的，都调任为谏大夫。	Those [members of] the Liu [clan] who had been Commandery Administrators were all changed to be Grandee-remonstrants.
改明光宫为定安馆，定安太后居之。	改明光宫为定安馆，让定安太后居住。	[The name of] the Ming-kuang Palace was changed to be the Lodge of Established Tranquillity, and the Duchess Dowager of Established Tranquillity inhabited it.
以故大鸿胪府为定安公第，皆置门卫使者监领。	以原来的大鸿胪府为定安公的府第，都设置门卫和使者进行监督管理。	The yamen of the former Grand Herald was made the residence of the Duke of Established Tranquillity, [Liu Ying]. At both of these [residences] there were established guards for the gates, and commissioners inspected and directed them.
敕阿乳母不得与语，常在四壁中，至于长大，不能名六畜。	告诫乳母不得与定安公说话，让他常在房屋中，直到长大，都不能叫出六畜的名字。	It was ordered that [Liu Ying's] nurses and wet-nurses should not be permitted to talk with him. He was constantly [kept] within the four walls [of his residence, so that] when he grew up, he could not name the six [kinds of] domestic animals.
后莽以女孙宇子妻之。	后来王莽把自己的孙女（王宇的女儿）嫁给了他。	Later [Wang] Mang married him to his granddaughter (a child of [Wang] Yü).
莽策群司曰：“岁星司肃，东岳太师典致时雨，青炜登平，考景以晷。	王莽对各官府下策书说：“岁星掌管肃杀，东岳太师掌管适时降雨，青色光芒象征太平，通过日晷考察日影。	[Wang] Mang's charters to his various high officials said: "As [the planet] Jupiter presides over `respectfulness,' so [the Chief of] the Eastern [Sacred] Peak and Grand Master has charge of bringing `timely rains.' As its cerulean splendor enlarges tranquillity, so he investigates [the sun's] shadow by the sundial."
“荧惑司哲，南岳太傅典致时奥，赤炜颂平，考声以律。	“荧惑星掌管明智，南岳太傅掌管适时温暖，红色光芒象征太平，通过律管考察声音。	"As [the planet] Mars presides over `wisdom', so [the Chief of] the Southern [Sacred] Peak and Grand Tutor is in charge of bringing `timely warmth.' As its red splendor enlarges tranquillity, so he investigates sounds by the musical tubes."
“太白司艾，西岳国师典致时阳，白炜象平，考量以铨。	“太白星掌管安宁，西岳国师掌管适时晴朗，白色光芒象征太平，通过权衡考察度量。	"As [the planet] Venus presides over `orderliness,' so [the Chief of] the Western [Sacred] Peak and State Master has charge of bringing `timely sunshine.' As its white splendor gives form to tranquillity, so he investigates measures of capacity by weighing instruments."
“辰星司谋，北岳国将典致时寒，玄炜和平，考星以漏。	“辰星掌管谋划，北岳国将掌管适时寒冷，黑色光芒象征太平，通过漏刻考察星辰。	"As [the planet] Mercury presides over `deliberation,' so [the Chief of] the Northern [Sacred] Peak and State General has charge of bringing `timely cold.' As its sombre brilliance harmonizes tranquillity, so he investigates the planets by the clepsydra."
“月刑元股左，司马典致武应，考方法矩，主司天文，‘敬顺昊天，敬授民时’，力来农事，以丰年谷。	“月亮掌管刑罚，如同左腿，司马掌管军事响应，通过矩考察方形，主管天文，‘恭敬顺从上天，谨慎授予百姓农时’，鼓励农业生产，使谷物丰收。	"As the Moon [has charge of] punishments, and is the great limb [of the heavenly powers], so the Commander-in-chief on the left has charge of bringing about military responses [to evil deeds. As we] investigate squareness by the standard of the try-square, so he has charge of presiding over astrological phenomena, `reverently in accordance with [the observation] of the vast heavens, to deliver the seasons respectfully to the common people,' and to give stimulation and encouragement to agricultural pursuits, in order [to bring about] an abundant harvest of grain."
“日德元厷右，司徒典致文瑞，考圜合规，主司人道，五教是辅，帅民承上，宣美风俗，五品乃训。	“太阳掌管德行，如同右臂，司徒掌管文治祥瑞，通过规考察圆形，主管人伦道德，辅助五种教化，率领百姓顺从上级，宣扬美好的风俗，使五伦得到教诲。	"As the Sun has charge of virtues and is the great arm [of the heavenly powers, so] the [Grand] Minister over the Masses on the right has charge of bringing auspicious presages [concerning] civil [matters]. As a circle is investigated by testing it with the compasses, so he has charge of presiding over human ways. The `five [fundamental] teachings' are to be supported by him. He is to lead the common people, to receive [commands] from the throne, to propagate and beautify the customs and usages, and the five grades [of people will be well] instructed."
[王莽]各策命以其职，如典诰之文。	[王莽]对每个官职都根据其职责下达策命，文字如同《尚书》中的典、诰一样。	[Wang Mang thus] gave a charter-mandate to each one according to his duties, [using] words like those in the "Canons" and the "Announcements."
置大司马司允，大司徒司直，大司空司若，位皆孤卿。	设置大司马司允、大司徒司直、大司空司若，职位都是孤卿。	He established a Director of Confidence in the Commander-in-chief, a Director of Uprightness to the Grand Minister over the Masses, and a Director of Obedience to the Grand Minister of Works, whose positions were those of senior high ministers.
[莽]改大司农曰羲和，后更为纳言。	[王莽]改大司农为羲和，后来又改为纳言。	He [had previously] changed the title of the Grand Minister of Agriculture to be the Hsi-and-Ho, and later changed it to be the Communicator.
大理曰作士，	大理改为作士，	The Grand Judge was called the Deciding Judge,
太常曰秩宗，	太常改为秩宗，	the Grand Minister of Ceremonies was called the Arranger of the Ancestral Temples,
大鸿胪曰典乐，	大鸿胪改为典乐，	the Grand Herald was called the Director of Music,
少府曰共工，	少府改为共工，	the Privy Treasurer was called the Provider of Works,
水衡都尉曰予虞。	水衡都尉改为予虞。	and the Chief Commandant of Waters and Parks was called the My Forester.
[此六官]与三公司卿凡九卿，分属三公。	[这六官]与三公司卿共九卿，分别隶属于三公。	[These six officials], with the [three senior] high ministers who were directors to the three highest ministers were together [ranked as] the nine high ministers. They were divided and [each] made subordinate to [some one of] the three highest ministers.
每一卿置大夫三人，一大夫置元士三人，凡二十七大夫，八十一元士，分主中都官诸职。	每一卿设置大夫三人，一大夫设置元士三人，共二十七大夫，八十一元士，分别主管京城各官府的各种职务。	For each high minister there were established three grandees, and for each grandee there were established three First Officers, so that altogether there were twenty-seven grandees and eighty-one First Officers. They were separately put in charge of the various duties in the offices of the imperial capital.
改光禄勋曰司中，	改光禄勋为司中，	He changed the title of the Superintendant of the Imperial Household to be the Director of Palaces,
太仆曰太御，	太仆改为太御，	the Grand Coachman to be the Grand Charioteer,
卫尉曰太卫，	卫尉改为太卫，	the Commandant of the Palace Guard to be the Grand Guard,
执金吾曰奋武，	执金吾改为奋武，	the Bearer of the Gilded Mace to be the Inciter to Military Deeds,
中尉曰军正。	中尉改为军正。	and the [Colonel of] the Capital [Encampments] to be the Chief of the Army.
又置大赘官，主乘舆服御物，后又典兵秩，位皆上卿，号曰六监。	又设置大赘官，主管皇帝的车马、服饰和御用物品，后来又掌管军事装备，职位都是上卿，号称六监。	He also established the office of Grand Keeper of the Robes, who had charge of the imperial chariots of state, robes, and imperial articles. Later [this officer] also had charge of troops. The ranks and positions [of the foregoing six officials] were all those of the highest [rank] of the high ministers; they were entitled the Six Superintendants.
[莽]改郡太守曰大尹，	[王莽]改郡太守为大尹，	[The titles of] Grand Administrators of commanderies were changed to be Grand Governors,
都尉曰太尉，	都尉改为太尉，	[commandery] Chief Commandants were called Grand Commandants,
县令长曰宰，	县令、县长改为宰，	Prefects and Chiefs of prefectures were called Rulers,
御史曰执法，	御史改为执法，	[Attending] Secretaries were called Upholders of the Laws,
公车司马曰王路四门。	公车司马改为王路四门。	the Majors in Charge of Official Carriages were called [the Directors of] the Four Gates to the Royal Apartments.
长乐宫曰常乐室，	长乐宫改为常乐室，	The Ch'ang-lo Palace was called the Ch'ang-lo House,
未央宫曰寿成室，	未央宫改为寿成室，	the Wei-yang (Never Completed) Palace was called the Shou-ch'eng House (the House Where a Long Life is Perfected),
前殿曰王路堂，	前殿改为王路堂，	the Front Hall was called the Hall with the Royal Apartments,
长安曰常安。	长安改为常安。	and Ch'ang-an was called Ch'ang-an.
[莽]改秩百石曰庶士，	[王莽]改百石俸禄的官员称为庶士，	The names of the [civil] ranks were changed: the [occupants of positions ranking at] 100 piculs were called Common Officers,
三百石曰下士，	三百石称为下士，	the [occupants of positions ranking at] 300 piculs were called Lower-ranking Officers,
四百石曰中士，	四百石称为中士，	the [occupants of positions ranking at] 400 piculs were called Middle-ranking Officers,
五百石曰命士，	五百石称为命士，	the [occupants of positions ranking at] 500 piculs were called Mandated Officers,
六百石曰元士，	六百石称为元士，	the [occupants of positions ranking at] 600 piculs were called First Officers,
千石曰下大夫，	千石称为下大夫，	the [occupants of positions ranking at] 1000 piculs were called Lower-ranking Grandees,
比二千石曰中大夫，	比二千石称为中大夫，	the [occupants of positions ranking at] equivalent to 2000 piculs were called Middle-ranking Grandees,
二千石曰上大夫，	二千石称为上大夫，	the [occupants of positions ranking at] 2000 piculs were called Upper-ranking Grandees,
中二千石曰卿。	中二千石称为卿。	and the [occupants of positions ranking at] fully 2000 piculs were called High Ministers.
车服黻冕，各有差品。	车马、服饰、礼帽，各有不同的等级。	The carriages, robes, aprons, and mortarboard hats of each [differed according to] their different degrees.
[莽]又置司恭、司从、司明、司聪、司中大夫及诵诗工、彻膳宰，以司过。	[王莽]又设置司恭大夫、司从大夫、司明大夫、司聪大夫、司中大夫以及诵诗工、彻膳宰，负责监察过失。	There were also established [the Grandee] in Charge of Respectfulness, [the Grandee] in Charge of Accordance [with the Way, the Grandee] in Charge of Clearsightedness, [the Grandee] in Charge of Attentiveness, and the Grandee in Charge of Perspicaciousness, who, together with the Musician Chanting the Odes and the Ruler for Removing the Viands were to have charge of [the Emperor's] errors.
策曰：“予闻上圣欲昭厥德，罔不慎修厥身，用绥于远，是用建尔作司过。	策书说：“我听说古代的圣人想要彰显自己的德行，无不谨慎地修养自身，以安抚远方的人，因此设立你们来负责监察过失。	Their charters said, "I have heard that the sages of the most [ancient times] wished to make their virtues brilliant, so never failed to cultivate their persons carefully, in order that they might tranquillize [everyone, even those] at a distance. For this purpose I have established you to have charge of your `five activities.'
毋隐尤，毋将虚，好恶不愆，立于厥中。	不要隐瞒过错，不要助长虚饰，喜好和厌恶都不要有偏差，坚守中正之道。	Do not hide my faults and do not assist me in vainglory. `In your likes and dislikes make no errors' and hold to the mean.
於戏，勖哉！”	啊，努力吧！”	O! Put forth all your efforts!"
[莽]令王路设进善之旌，非谤之木，敢谏之鼓。	[王莽]命令在王路设置进善旌、诽谤木、敢谏鼓。	[Wang Mang] ordered that the [Directors of Four Gates to] the Royal Apartments should establish the banner for initiating improvements, the post for speaking ill and criticizing, and the drum for those who dare to admonish.
谏大夫四人常坐王路门受言事者。	四名谏大夫常年坐在王路门接待反映情况的人。	Four Grandee-remonstrants were regularly seated at the Gates to the King's Apartments to receive those who would speak of matters.
[莽]封王氏齐縗之属为侯，大功为伯，小功为子，緦麻为男，其女皆为任。	[王莽]封王氏家族中服齐縗之丧的亲属为侯，服大功之丧的为伯，服小功之丧的为子，服缌麻之丧的为男，女性亲属都为任爵。	The members of the Wang clan who were related [closely enough so that they would wear] the one-year's mourning were enfeoffed as Marquises, [those who would wear] the nine-months' mourning became Earls, [those who would wear] the five-months' mourning became Viscounts, and [those who would wear] the three-months' mourning became Barons. The females all became Baronesses.
男以“睦”、女以“隆”为号焉，皆授印韨。	男性以“睦”、女性以“隆”为称号，都授予印信和绶带。	The males all had Mu (concord) and the females had Lung (prosperous) in their titles. All received seals and cords.
[莽]令诸侯立太夫人、夫人、世子，亦受印韨。	[王莽]命令诸侯设立太夫人、夫人、世子，也授予印信和绶带。	[Wang Mang] ordered that for the nobles there should be appointed Ladies Dowager, Ladies, and Heirs, who would also receive seals and cords.
[莽]又曰：“天无二日，土无二王，此百王不易之道也。	[王莽]又说：“天无二日，地无二王，这是历代帝王不变的准则。	[His message] also said, " `Heaven has not two suns, nor has Earth two kings' —this is the unchangeable way of all the kings.
汉氏诸侯或称王，至于四夷亦如之，违于古典，缪于一统。	汉朝的诸侯有的称王，甚至四方外族也这样，违背了古代制度，不符合大一统的原则。	Some of the nobles of the Han clan were entitled Kings, and even the barbarians [beyond] the four [frontiers] followed [this practise]. It is contrary to the ancient institutions and absurd [in view of the principle that there is only] one sovereign [in the world].
其定诸侯王之号皆称公，及四夷僣号称王者皆更为侯。”	现规定诸侯王的称号都改称公，四方外族冒用王号的都改为侯。”	Let it be fixed that the titles of vassal kings shall all be [changed to] Duke, and that those of the barbarians [beyond] the four [frontiers] who have usurped this title and called themselves Kings shall all be changed and become Marquises."
[莽]又曰：“帝王之道，相因而通；盛德之祚，百世享祀。	[王莽]又说：“帝王的治国之道，前后相承而贯通；有大德的人的福运，能使后代百世享受祭祀。	It also said: "According to the Way of the [ancient] lords and kings, one followed [the ways of his predecessor, so that [their principles] were transmitted [from one to another]. As a recompense for their abundant virtues for hundreds of generations [after their death] they should enjoy sacrifices.
予惟黄帝、少昊、颛顼、帝喾、尧、舜、夏禹、皋陶、伊尹咸有圣德，假于皇天，功烈巍巍，光施于远。	我想到黄帝、少昊、颛顼、帝喾、尧、舜、夏禹、皋陶、伊尹都有圣德，得到上天的佑助，功绩卓著，光辉远扬。	I reflect that the Yellow Lord, the Lord, Shao-hao, the Lord, Chuan-hsü, the Lord, K'u, the Lord, Yao, the Lord, Shun, the Lord, Yü of the Hsia [dynasty], Kao-yao, and Yi Yin all possessed sage virtues and ascended to August Heaven, [becoming gods]. Their achievements were sublime and their brilliance was spread to a distance.
予甚嘉之，营求其后，将祚厥祀。	我非常赞赏他们，寻找他们的后代，将要延续对他们的祭祀。	I esteem them highly and have `instituted a search' for their descendants in order to recompense them by [enfeoffing descendants to] sacrifice to them.
惟王氏，虞帝之后也，出自帝喾；刘氏，尧之后也，出自颛顼。”	王氏是虞帝的后代，源于帝喾；刘氏是尧的后代，源于颛顼。”	Verily, the Wang clan are descendants of the Lord of Yü, [Shun], who was descended from the Lord, K'u, and the Liu clan are descendants of Yao, who was descended from Chuan-hsü."
[莽]于是封姚恂为初睦侯，奉黄帝后；	[王莽]于是封姚恂为初睦侯，负责祭祀黄帝；	Thereupon he enfeoffed Yao Hsün as the Marquis of Original Concord to make offerings as the descendant of the Yellow Lord
梁护为脩远伯，奉少昊后；	封梁护为脩远伯，负责祭祀少昊；	and Liang Hu as the Earl Renewing Distant [Sacrifices] to make offerings as the descendant of Shao-hao.
皇孙功隆公千，奉帝喾后；	封皇孙功隆公王千，负责祭祀帝喾；	The Imperial Grandson, the Duke of Prospering Merits, [Wang] Ch'ien, was to make offerings as the descendant of the Lord, K'u.
刘歆为祁烈伯，奉颛顼后；	封刘歆为祁烈伯，负责祭祀颛顼；	Liu Hsin became the Earl of Vast Glories to make offerings as the descendant of Chuan-hsü.
[刘]叠为伊休侯，奉尧后；	封刘歆的儿子刘叠为伊休侯，负责祭祀尧；	[Liu] Tieh, the son to the State Master, Liu Hsin, became the Marquis of Yi-and-Hsiu, to make offerings as the descendant of Yao.
妫昌为始睦侯，奉虞帝后；	封妫昌为始睦侯，负责祭祀虞帝；	Kuei Ch'ang became the Marquis of the Beginning of Concord to make offerings as the descendant of the Lord of Yü, [Shun].
山遵为褒谋子，奉皋陶后；	封山遵为褒谋子，负责祭祀皋陶；	Shan Tsun became the Viscount as a Recompense for Counsel to make offerings as the descendant of Kao-yao.
伊玄为褒衡子，奉伊尹后。	封伊玄为褒衡子，负责祭祀伊尹。	Yi Hsüan became the Viscount in Recompense to the [Supporting] Governor, to make offerings as the descendant of Yi Yin.
汉后定安公刘婴，位为宾。	汉朝后代定安公刘婴，地位为宾客。	The position of the descendant of the Han [dynasty], the Duke of Established Tranquillity, Liu Ting, was made that of a Guest.
周后卫公姬党，更封为章平公，亦为宾。	周朝后代卫公姬党，改封为章平公，也为宾客。	[The title of] the descendant of the Chou [dynasty], the Duke of Weis, Chi Tang, was changed, and he was enfeoffed as the Duke of Manifest Peace and was also made a Guest.
殷后宋公孔弘，运转次移，更封为章昭侯，位为恪。	殷朝后代宋公孔弘，因朝代更替，改封为章昭侯，地位为敬重的宾客。	[The title of] the descendant of the Yin [dynasty], the Duke of Sung, K'ung Hung, whose rank was altered [because of] the change in [the dynasty], was changed, and he was enfeoffed as the Marquis of Manifest Brilliance and his position was made that of a Respected Guest.
夏后辽西姒丰，封为章功侯，亦为恪。	夏朝后代辽西人姒丰，封为章功侯，也为敬重的宾客。	A descendant of the Hsia [dynasty], Szu Feng, [a man] from Liao-hsi [Commandery], was enfeoffed and made the Marquis of Manifest Merits and was also made a Respected Guest.
（四朝古宗，宗祀于明堂，以配皇始祖考虞帝。）	（四代古帝王的后代，在明堂合祭，以配享伟大的始祖虞帝。）	(To the most ancient examplars of the four dynasties there were made sacrifices to exemplars in the Ming-t'ang, and they were made the coadjutors of the August First Deceased Ancestor, the Lord of Yü, [Shun].)
周公后褒鲁子姬就、宣尼公后褒成子孔钧，已前定焉。	周公后代褒鲁子姬就、宣尼公后代褒成子孔钧，在此之前已经受封。	The descendant of the Duke of Chou, the Viscount in Recompense to [the Duke of] Lu, Chi Chiu, and the descendant of Duke Hsüan-ni [in Recompense for Perfection, Confucius], the Viscount in Recompense for Perfection, K'ung Chün, had already been previously appointed.
[莽]又曰：“予前在摄时，建郊宫，定祧庙，立社稷，神祇报况，或光自上复于下，流为乌，或黄气熏烝，昭耀章明，以著黄、虞之烈焉。	[王莽]又说：“我以前在摄政时，建立郊祀宫殿，确定远祖祠庙，设立社稷神坛，神灵降下福佑，有时光芒从上而下覆盖，化为乌鸦，有时黄气升腾，光明显著，以彰显黄帝、虞帝的功业。	[Wang] Mang also said, "When previously I was Regent, I founded a temple for the suburban sacrifices, established a temple for the distant ancestors, and set up [an altar for] the gods of the soils and grains. The gods in heaven and earth responded by [granting] favors. Sometimes `lights descended from above, dissolving into a crow'; sometimes there was a yellow emanation which steamed up dazzlingly clear, thereby making manifest my brilliant [inheritance from] the Yellow [Lord] and Yü [Shun].
“自黄帝至于济南伯王，高祖世氏姓有五矣。	“从黄帝到济南伯王，先祖的姓氏有五个。	"From the Yellow Lord to King Po of Chi-nan, [Wang Sui], there have indeed been five surnames in the generations of the founders [of my clan].
黄帝二十五子，分赐厥姓十有二氏。	黄帝有二十五个儿子，分别赐给十二个姓氏。	The Yellow Lord had twenty-five sons, and granted them twelve separate surnames.
虞帝之先，受姓曰姚，其在陶唐曰妫，在周曰陈，在齐曰田，在济南曰王。	虞帝的祖先，受姓为姚，在陶唐时姓妫，在周朝时姓陈，在齐国时姓田，在济南时姓王。	My ancestor who was the Lord of Yü, [Shun], received the surname Yao; in [the time of] T'ao-and-T'ang [Yao], [my ancestors] were surnamed Kuei; in [the time of] the Chou [dynasty], they were surnamed Ch'en; in [the state of] Ch'i, they were surnamed T'ien; and in Chi-nan [Commandery] they were surnamed Wang.
“予伏念皇初祖考黄帝，皇始祖考虞帝，以宗祀于明堂，宜序于祖宗之亲庙。	“我思念伟大的初祖黄帝，伟大的始祖虞帝，既然在明堂合祭，就应当列入祖宗的亲庙序列。	"I have humbly remembered my August Deceased Original Ancestor, the Yellow Lord, and my August Deceased First Ancestor, the Lord of Yü, [Shun], and have hence performed to them the sacrifice to an exemplar (tsung) in the Ming-t'ang. It is proper that [these ancestors] should be [given the proper] ranks among the founders and exemplars in my personal ancestral temple.
其立祖庙五，亲庙四，后夫人皆配食。	设立五座祖庙，四座亲庙，他们的王后和夫人都配享祭祀。	Let there be established five shrines to founders [of my line] and four shrines to immediate ancestors, and let the queens and ladies [of these ancestors] all receive offerings with [their husbands].
郊祀黄帝以配天，黄后以配地。	郊祀时以黄帝配天，黄后配地。	In the suburban sacrifice, let the Yellow Lord be the coadjutor of Heaven, and let the Queen of the Yellow [Lord] be made the coadjutrix of Earth.
以新都侯东第为大禖，岁时以祀。	以新都侯的东宅为祭祀求子的场所，按季节进行祭祀。	Let the Eastern Residence of the Marquis of Hsin-tu become the great clan temple where [these ancestors] shall be worshipped yearly and seasonally.
“诸姚、妫、陈、田、王氏，凡五姓者，皆黄、虞苗裔，予之同族也。	“姚、妫、陈、田、王五姓之人，都是黄帝、虞帝的后代，我的同族。	"All [the members of] all the five clans [surnamed] Yao, Kuei, Ch'en, T'ien, and Wang are distant descendants of the Yellow [Lord] and of Yü [Shun], and so are my fellowclansman.
《书》不云乎？‘惇序九族。’	《尚书》不是说过吗？‘使九族亲厚有序。’	Does not the Book of History say, `Effect a generous kindness and nice observance of distinctions among the nine [classes of] kindred'?
其令天下上此五姓名籍于秩宗，皆以为宗室。	命令天下把这五姓的名册上报秩宗，都作为宗室成员。	Let it be ordered that in the empire the names [of persons bearing] these five surnames should be entered upon the register of the Arranger of the Ancestral Temples; all are to be made [members of] the imperial house.
世世复，无有所与。	世代免除赋税徭役，不承担任何义务。	From generation to generation, they shall be exempted and shall not pay anything.
其元城王氏，勿令相嫁娶，以别族理亲焉。”	元城王氏，不准相互通婚，以区分宗族，理清亲属关系。”	Let [the members of] the Wang clan from Yüan-ch'eng be ordered not to intermarry [among themselves], in order to distinguish [this clan] and to regulate relationships."
[莽]封陈崇为统睦侯，奉胡王后；	[王莽]封陈崇为统睦侯，负责祭祀胡王；	[Wang Mang] enfeoffed Ch'en Ch'ung as Marquis of Ruling Concord to make offerings as the descendant of King Hu [of Ch'en],
田丰为世睦侯，奉敬王后。	封田丰为世睦侯，负责祭祀敬王。	and T'ien Feng as Marquis of Hereditary Concord, to make offerings as the descendant of King Ching.
天下牧守皆以前有翟义、赵明等领州郡，怀忠孝，封牧为男，守以附城。	全国的州牧、郡守都因先前有翟义、赵明等人占据州郡反叛时，心怀忠孝，封州牧为男爵，郡守为附城。	[As to] all those [Provincial] Shepherds and [Commandery] Administrators in the empire, who, because of [the rebellion of] Chai Yi, Chao Ming, and others, had led their provinces or commanderies [to attack these rebels and thus] had cherished loyalty and filial piety, the Shepherds were enfeoffed as Barons and the Administrators as Sub-Vassals.
又封旧恩戴崇、金涉、箕闳、杨并等子皆为男。	又封旧恩戴崇、金涉、箕闳、杨并等人的儿子为男爵。	[Wang Mang] also enfeoffed as Barons the sons of all those who had formerly shown him kindness, [the sons of] Tai Ch'ung, Chin Shê, Chi Hung, Yang Ping and others.
[莽]遣骑都尉嚣等分治黄帝园位于上都桥畤，	[王莽]派遣骑都尉嚣等人分别整治上都桥畤的黄帝陵园，	He sent the Chief Commandant of Cavalry, [Hsieh] Hsiao, and others in separate parties to prepare funerary parks and altars to the Yellow Lord at the Ch'iao Sacred Place in Shang Commandery,
虞帝于零陵九疑，	零陵九疑的虞帝陵园，	to the Lord of Yü, [Shun], at [Mt.] Chiu-yi in Ling-ling [Commandery],
胡王于淮阳陈，	淮阳陈地的胡王陵园，	to King Hu in [the former kingdom of] Huai-yang,
敬王于齐临淄，	齐地临淄的敬王陵园，	to King Ching of Ch'en at Lin-tzu in Ch'i [Commandery],
愍王于城阳莒，	城阳莒地的愍王陵园，	to King Min [of Ch'i] at Chü in Ch'eng-yang [Commandery],
伯王于济南东平陵，	济南东平陵的伯王陵园，	to King Po, [Wang Sui], at Tung-p'ing-ling in Chi-nan [Commandery],
孺王于魏郡元城，	魏郡元城的孺王陵园，	and to King Ju, [Wang Ho], at Yüan-ch'eng in Wei Commandery.
使者四时致祠。	使者按四季前往祭祀。	At the four seasons, commissioners were to bring sacrifices to them.
其庙当作者，以天下初定，且祫祭于明堂太庙。	应当修建的祠庙，因天下刚刚安定，暂且在明堂太庙合祭。	Those whose temples had to be built, because the empire had just recently been tranquillized, were temporarily to have [their tablets] gathered together and to be offered sacrifice in the Grand [Ancestral] Temple of the Ming-t'ang.
[莽]以汉高庙为文祖庙。	[王莽]把汉高庙改为文祖庙。	[The temple of Emperor] Kao of the Han [dynasty] was made the Temple of the Accomplished Ancestor.
莽曰：“予之皇始祖考虞帝受嬗于唐，汉氏初祖唐帝，世有传国之象，予复亲受金策于汉高皇帝之灵。	王莽说：“我的伟大始祖虞帝从唐尧那里接受禅让，汉朝的初祖唐尧，世代有传国的征兆，我又亲自从汉高皇帝的神灵那里接受金策。	[Wang] Mang said [in a message], "My August Deceased First Ancestor, the Lord of Yü, [Shun], received [the throne] by the abdication of T'ang [Yao]. In the age of the original ancestor of the Han dynasty, the Lord of T'ang, [Yao], there was the model for transmitting the state [to another dynasty]. I myself in turn received the metal charter from the genius of Emperor Kao of the Han [dynasty].
惟思褒厚前代，何有忘时？	想表彰优待前代，怎会有忘记的时候？	When I ponder recompensing the generosity of previous dynasties, how could there be a time when I should forget [the Han dynasty]?
汉氏祖宗有七，以礼立庙于定安国。	汉朝的祖宗有七位，按礼制在定安国建立祠庙。	There are seven Founders or Exemplars in the Han dynasty. According to the proprieties, there should be established temples for them in the state of [the Duke of] Established Tranquillity.
其园寝庙在京师者，勿罢，祠荐如故。	在京城的陵园寝庙，不要废除，祭祀照旧。	Let their funerary parks, funerary chambers, and temples at the imperial capital be not abolished, and let sacrifices and oblations [be made] as formerly.
予以秋九月亲入汉氏高、元、成、平之庙。	我在秋季九月亲自祭祀汉朝的高帝、元帝、成帝、平帝庙。	In the autumn, the ninth month, I will myself in person enter the temples of [Emperors] Kao, Yüan, Ch'eng, and P'ing of the Han dynasty.
诸刘更属籍京兆大尹，勿解其复，各终厥身。	各刘姓皇族改归京兆大尹管辖，不取消他们的免除赋税徭役特权，各至终身。	The various [members of] the Liu [clan] will be changed to be enregistered with the Grand Governor of the imperial capital, and not be relieved from their exemption [from taxes], but each one shall [continue to be exempted] to the end of his life.
州牧数存问，勿令有侵冤。”	州牧要经常慰问，不要让他们遭受侵害和冤屈。”	The Provincial Shepherds shall frequently visit and ask after them, and shall bring it about that they should not [undergo] any encroachments or injustices."
[莽]又曰：“予前在大麓，至于摄假，深惟汉氏三七之厄，赤德气尽，思索广求，所以辅刘延期之术，靡所不用，以故作金刀之利，几以济之。	[王莽]又说：“我以前在担任要职直到摄政代行皇帝职权时，深切考虑汉朝二百一十年的厄运，火德气数已尽，想尽各种办法辅助刘家延续政权，无所不用，因此制作了有利的金刀货币，希望能挽救它。	[Wang Mang] also said, "When I previously was in [the position of] the chief director [of the administration, and became Regent and Acting [Emperor], I pondered deeply the dangers [at the end of] the three [times] seven [decades] of the Han dynasty, that the emanation of virtue from the Red [Lord] was exhausted, and I thought and sought, searching widely for means whereby I might support the Liu [house] and lengthen its period [on the throne]. There was nothing that I failed to do. For that reason, I made the beneficial metal knife-[money], hoping thereby to assist [the dynasty].
然自孔子作《春秋》以为后王法，至于哀之十四而一代毕，协之于今，亦哀之十四也。	然而自从孔子作《春秋》为后代帝王树立法则，到鲁哀公十四年一个时代结束，与现在相对照，也是汉哀帝以来的十四年。	Nevertheless when Confucius wrote the Spring and Autumn to make it a model for later kings, [he continued it] until the fourteenth year of [Duke] Ai [of Lu], when one age ended. Comparing it with present [times], it was also fourteen years [after Emperor] Ai [ascended the throne that the Han dynasty ended its rule].
赤世计尽，终不可强济。	火德的气数已尽，终究不能勉强挽救。	Since the calculated [number of years allotted] for the age of the Red [Lord] was exhausted, I could not eventually have the power to save [that dynasty].
皇天明威，黄德当兴，隆显大命，属予以天下。	皇天显示威严，黄德应当兴起，降下重大天命，把天下托付给我。	August Heaven made plain its majesty, so that the virtue of the Yellow [Lord] was due to arise and to make [Heaven's] great mandate abundantly apparent, entrusting me with the empire.
今百姓咸言皇天革汉而立新，废刘而兴王。	现在百姓都说皇天革除汉朝建立新朝，废除刘家兴起王家。	Now the people all say that August Heaven has dethroned the Han [dynasty] and set up the Hsin [dynasty], that he has dismissed the Liu [clan from the throne] and caused the Wang [clan] to rise.
夫‘刘’之为字‘卯、金、刀’也，正月刚卯，金刀之利，皆不得行。	‘刘’字由‘卯、金、刀’组成，正月的刚卯佩饰，金刀货币的便利，都不得再通行。	Verily the word for Liu is made up of mao, metal, and knife. [The wearing of] the first-month kang-mao [amulets] and the convenience of the metal-knife-[money] cannot now be permitted to occur.
博谋卿士，佥曰天人同应，昭然著明。	广泛征求公卿士大夫的意见，都说天人相应，十分明显。	Broadly [soliciting the opinions of] the high ministers and gentlemen, they all said, `That Heaven and men respond alike is brilliantly apparent.
其去刚卯莫以为佩，除刀钱勿以为利，承顺天心，快百姓意。”	应去掉刚卯不再作为佩饰，废除刀钱不再作为货币，顺应天意，满足百姓心愿。”	Let the kang-mao [amulets] be done away with, and let no one wear them at their girdles; let the knife-cash be abrogated, and let them not be used as a convenience [for exchange], in order to respond to and accord with the will of Heaven and to rejoice the minds of the people'."
[莽]乃更作小钱，径六分，重一铢，文曰“小钱直一”，与前“大钱五十”者为二品，并行。	[王莽]于是改铸小钱，直径六分，重一铢，钱文为“小钱直一”，与之前的“大钱五十”为两种货币，同时流通。	Thereupon [the coinage] was changed and there were made small cash, 6 fen in diameter, weighing one shu. Their inscription said, "A diminutive cash, worth one [cash]." Together with the preceding large cash, [which were worth], fifty [of the smaller cash], there were two denominations [of coins] circulating at the same time.
欲防民盗铸，乃禁不得挟铜炭。	为防止民间私自铸钱，下令不准私藏铜和炭。	[Wang Mang] wanted to prevent the common people from counterfeit casting [of cash], so issued a prohibition that they were not to be allowed to possess copper or charcoal.
四月，徐乡侯刘快结党数千人起兵于其国。	四月，徐乡侯刘快集结党羽数千人在他的封国起兵。	In the fourth month, the Marquis of Hsü-hsiang, Liu K'uai, formed a cabal of several thousand persons and raised troops in his state.
快兄殷，故汉胶东王，时改为扶崇公。	刘快的兄长刘殷，原是汉朝的胶东王，当时已改为扶崇公。	[Liu] K'uai's elder brother, [Liu] Yin, had been the former King of Chiao-tung under the Han [dynasty], and had at this time been changed to be the Duke Supporting and Rendering Homage [to the Hsin Dynasty.
快举兵攻即墨，殷闭城门，自系狱。	刘快起兵攻打即墨，刘殷关闭城门，自己把自己关进监狱。	When Liu] K'uai mobilized his troops and attacked Chi-mo, [Liu] Yin closed the city gates and had himself bound in prison.
吏民距快，快败走，至长广死。	官吏百姓抵抗刘快，刘快失败逃跑，到长广县死去。	The officials and common people resisted [Liu] K'uai, so that [Liu] K'uai was defeated and fled to Ch'ang-kuang, where he died.
莽曰：“昔予之祖济南愍王困于燕寇，自齐临淄出保于莒。	王莽说：“从前我的先祖济南愍王被燕寇围困，从齐地临淄出逃到莒地自保。	[Wang] Mang said [in a message], "When anciently my ancestor, King Min [of Ch'i, who reigned over territory which is the present] Chi-nan [Commandery], was distressed by the robber [state of] Yen and left Lin-tzu (in [the state of] Ch'i) to take refuge at Chü,
宗人田单广设奇谋，获杀燕将，复定齐国。	同宗人田单大设奇谋，擒杀燕将，重新安定齐国。	a man of his clan, T'ien Tan, made extensive and clever plans, captured and killed a general of Yen, and re-established the state of Ch'i.
今即墨士大夫复同心殄灭反虏，予甚嘉其忠者，怜其无辜。	现在即墨的士大夫又同心协力歼灭反贼，我非常赞赏他们的忠诚，怜悯他们的无辜。	Today the gentlemen and grandees of Chi-mo have again been of the same mind [with me] and have extirpated rebellious caitiffs. I commend most highly those who have been loyal and have compassion upon those who are guiltless.
其赦殷等，非快之妻子它亲属当坐者皆勿治。	赦免刘殷等人，除刘快的妻子儿女及其他应当连坐的亲属外，都不予追究。	"Let [Liu] Yin and the others be pardoned. Except for [Liu] K'uai's wife and children, his blood relatives and relatives by marriage, who ought to be sentenced, are not to be tried.
吊问死伤，赐亡者葬钱，人五万。	慰问死伤的人，赐给死者安葬钱，每人五万。	In making consoling inquiries about those who have died, the person in charge of these inquiries shall grant to those who have died fifty thousand [cash] per person for burial money.
殷知大命，深疾恶快，以故辄伏厥辜。	刘殷知晓天命，深恶痛绝刘快，因此刘快当即伏罪。	[Liu] Yin understood the great mandate [of Heaven] and deeply hated [Liu] K'uai, for which reason [the latter] suffered immediately for his crimes.
其满殷国户万，地方百里。”	增封刘殷的封国至一万户，方圆一百里。”	Let the state of [Liu] Yin be made a full ten thousand households, with a territory a hundred li square."
又封符命臣十余人。	又封赏进献符命的大臣十多人。	[Wang Mang] also enfeoffed the more than ten courtiers [who had been concerned with] the mandates [from Heaven given by means of] portents.
莽曰：“古者，设庐井八家，一夫一妇田百亩，什一而税，则国给民富而颂声作。	王莽说：“古代，实行井田制，八家共居一井，一夫一妇分田一百亩，按十分之一收税，就能国家富足、百姓富裕，歌颂之声兴起。	[Wang Mang] said [in a message], "When the ancients established the cottages of eight families on the ching [system] and one husband and one wife had a hundred mou of cultivated land and paid one-tenth in taxes, then the state had enough and the common people were opulent and composed songs of praise.
此唐、虞之道，三代所遵行也。	这是唐尧、虞舜的治国之道，夏、商、周三代所遵行的制度。	The foregoing was the way of T'ang [Yao] and of Yü [Shun], and that which the three dynasties practised obediently.
秦为无道，厚赋税以自供奉，罢民力以极欲，坏圣制，废井田，是以兼并起，贪鄙生，强者规田以千数，弱者曾无立锥之居。	秦朝不行正道，加重赋税以供自己挥霍，耗尽民力以满足无穷欲望，破坏圣人制度，废除井田制，因此兼并土地的现象出现，贪婪卑鄙的行为滋生，强者占田数千亩，弱者竟无立锥之地。	The [state of] Ch'in was inhuman and made the taxes heavy, in order that [the ruler] might himself have [a large] income. [The ruler] exhausted the strength of the common people in order to satisfy his desires to the utmost. He destroyed the institutions of the sages and did away with the ching [system of] cultivated fields. For this reason the taking posession of and joining together [of fields by the wealthy] arose and avarice and vileness was born. The strong made designs to secure cultivated fields by the thousands [of mou] and the weak [even] lacked [enough of] a habitation in which to stand up an awl.
又置奴婢之市，与牛马同兰，制于民臣，颛断其命。	又设置买卖奴婢的市场，把奴婢与牛马同栏，由臣民控制，擅自决定他们的命运。	[That state] also established market-places for male and female slaves, putting [human beings] in like enclosures with those for cattle and horses. In their rule over their common people and subjects, [the Ch'in rulers] arbitrarily cut short their [very] lives, and villainous and oppressive persons took advantage of the opportunity to make profits,
奸虐之人因缘为利，至略卖人妻子，逆天心，悖人伦，缪于“天地之性人为贵”之义。	奸诈残暴之徒借此牟利，甚至掠卖他人的妻子儿女，违背天意，悖逆人伦，不符合“天地之间人最尊贵”的道理。	even kidnapping and selling other peoples' wives and children, going contrary to the will of Heaven and disordering human relationships, which is contradictory to the principle that `of all living things, [i.e., animals and plants, produced by] Heaven and Earth, man is the noblest.'
《书》曰“予则奴戮女”，唯不用命者，然后被此辜矣。	《尚书》说“我就要把你降为奴隶或处死”，衹有不服从命令的人，才会遭受这种惩罚。	The Book of History says, `[If you do not obey my commands], I will thereupon enslave and dishonor you,' [according to which passage] only those who did not obey [the king's] commands should indeed suffer this punishment [of being enslaved].
汉氏减轻田租，三十而税一，常有更赋，罢癃咸出，而豪民侵陵，分田劫假。	汉朝减轻田租，按三十分之一征税，却常有更赋，残疾之人也都要缴纳，而豪强侵犯欺压百姓，通过租佃关系掠夺财物。	The Han dynasty reduced and lightened the land tax, taking [only] one-thirtieth, [but in addition] there were regularly [required] conscript service and capitation-taxes, which [even] the sick and aged were all required to pay, while powerful common people encroached upon [the poor, letting their own] fields [out on] shares, robbing [people] by the rentals [required for their land, so that while] in name they were taxed only one-thirtieth, in reality they are taxed or pay as rent five-tenths of their produce.
厥名三十税一，实什税五也。	名义上是三十分之一的税，实际上是十分之五的税。	in reality they are taxed or pay as rent five-tenths of their produce.
父子夫妇终年耕芸，所得不足以自存。	父子夫妇整年耕种，收入不够维持自己的生活。	Fathers and sons, husbands and wives plowed and weeded for a whole year, [but] what they got was insufficient to keep themselves alive.
故富者犬马余菽粟，骄而为邪；贫者不厌糟糠，穷而为奸。	因此富人的犬马有吃不完的粮食，骄横作恶；穷人连糟糠都吃不饱，因贫困而行奸邪之事。	Hence the horses and dogs of the rich had surplus beans and grain and [the rich] were proud and did evil, while the poor could not satiate themselves with brewer's grains, became destitute, and acted wickedly.
俱陷于辜，刑用不错。	都陷入犯罪的境地，刑罚因此不能停止使用。	Both [rich and poor] fell into crime, so that the punishments had to be employed and could not be set aside.
予前在大麓，始令天下公田口井，时则有嘉禾之祥，遭以虏逆贼且止。	我以前在担任要职时，开始命令天下的公田按人口划分井田，当时出现了嘉禾的祥瑞，后因遭到叛贼侵扰而暂停。	When previously I was the chief director [of the administration], I first ordered that the empire's public cultivated fields [should be organized on] the ching [system according to the number] of persons, and consequently at that time there were happy presages of auspicious [large-eared] cereals. [But] there happened to be rebellious caitiffs and treasonable rebels, so that [the scheme] was temporarily stopped.
今更名天下田曰“王田”，奴婢曰“私属”，皆不得卖买。	现在将天下的田改名为“王田”，奴婢改名为“私属”，都不准买卖。	Now I change the names of the cultivated fields in the empire to be `the King's fields,' and of male and female slaves to be `private adherents.' All are not to be permitted to be bought or sold.
其男口不盈八，而田过一井者，分余田予九族邻里乡党。	家中男性人口不满八人，而占有田亩超过一井的，把多余的田亩分给九族、邻里、乡党。	The male and female slaves of the vassal kings [shall be limited to] two hundred persons; those of full marquises and princesses, to a hundred persons; and those of Marquises of the Imperial Domain, officials, and the common people, to thirty persons.
故无田，今当受田者，如制度。	原来没有田，现在应当分得田的，按照制度办理。	Those [slaves] in their sixtieth year and over or in their tenth year and under are not to be counted in this number.
敢有非井田圣制，无法惑众者，投诸四裔，以御魑魅，如皇始祖考虞帝故事。”	敢有反对井田这种圣人制度、无视法律惑乱民众的，流放到四方边远之地，抵御鬼怪，如同伟大的始祖虞帝的旧例。”	No merchants are to be allowed to own private cultivated land or become officials. Those who violate [this order] shall be sentenced according to the Code. Those who [after three years] own private cultivated land or keep male or female slaves more than the [allowed] number, shall all have them confiscated and delivered over the imperial government."
是时，百姓便安汉五铢钱，以莽钱大小两行难知，又数变改不信，皆私以五铢钱市买。	这时，百姓习惯于使用汉朝的五铢钱，因为王莽的钱有大小两种，难以辨认，又多次变更，不可信，都私下用五铢钱交易。	At this time, the people had considered the Han [dynasty's] five-shu cash convenient, and, because Wang Mang's cash coins had been put out in two [denominations], large and small, and so were difficult to tell [apart], and moreover had been changed and altered several times, so that they were not to be trusted, [therefore the people] all privately used the five-shu cash at the market and in purchases,
讹言大钱当罢，莫肯挟。	谣传大钱将要废除，没有人愿意携带。	saying falsely that the large cash are due to be abolished and that no one is willing to keep them.
莽患之。	王莽对此感到忧虑。	[Wang] Mang was troubled by it
复下书：“诸挟五铢钱，言大钱当罢者，比非井田制，投四裔。”	又下文告：“凡携带五铢钱，说大钱将要废除的，比照反对井田制的罪名，流放到四方边远之地。”	and again issued a written message that all those who hoard five-shu cash and say that the large cash are due to be abolished are similar to those who criticize the ching system of cultivated fields and should be "thrown out to the four frontiers."
于是农商失业，食货俱废，民人至涕泣于市道。	于是农民和商人失业，粮食和货物都无法流通，百姓甚至在街市道路上哭泣。	Thereupon farmers and merchants lost their occupations, food and goods were both rendered useless, and the common people even wept in the marketplaces and highways.
及坐卖买田宅、奴婢，铸钱，自诸侯、卿、大夫至于庶民，抵罪者不可胜数。	至于因买卖田宅、奴婢和私铸钱币而犯罪的，从诸侯、卿大夫到平民，犯罪受罚的不计其数。	Moreover those who were tried for buying or selling fields or residences, male or female slaves, or for casting cash, from the nobles, high ministers, and grandees down to ordinary common people, and who suffered punishment, could not be counted.
秋，遣五威将王奇等十二人班《符命》四十二篇于天下。	秋季，派遣五威将王奇等十二人向全国颁布《符命》四十二篇。	Autumn.
In the autumn, [Wang Mang] sent twelve Generals of the Five Majestic [Principles], Wang Ch'i and others, [each with his five Lieutenant Generals], to publish through the empire the Mandate [of Heaven Given Through] Portents, in 42 fascicles.
德祥五事，符命二十五，福应十二，凡四十二篇。	德祥类五篇，符命类二十五篇，福应类十二篇，共四十二篇。	There were five matters of "Happy Presages of Virtues," twenty-five of "Mandates Through Portents," and twelve of "Responses of Heavenly Favors," forty-two fascicles in all.
其德祥言文、宣之世黄龙见于成纪、新都，高祖考王伯墓门梓柱生枝叶之属。	德祥类说的是汉文帝、汉宣帝时期在成纪、新都出现黄龙，高祖的亡父王伯墓门的梓树柱子长出枝叶之类的事。	[The chapters on] "Happy Presages of Virtues" said that in the reigns of [Emperors] Wen and Hsüan, yellow dragons appeared at Ch'eng-chi and Hsin-tu, that a catalpa pillar at the gate to the grave of the Deceased Eminent Founder [of Wang Mang's clan], King Po, [Wang Sui], had sprouted a branch with leaves, and the like.
符命言井石、金匮之属。	符命类说的是井中出石、金匮之类的事。	[The chapters on] "Mandates Through Portents" spoke of the well, the stone, the metal casket, and the like.
福应言雌鸡化为雄之属。	福应类说的是母鸡变为公鸡之类的事。	[The chapters on] "Responses of Heavenly Favors" spoke of a hen having been metamorphosed into a cock and the like.
其文尔雅依托，皆为作说，大归言莽当代汉有天下云。	这些文章辞句典雅，依托古义，都是编造的说法，大意是说王莽应当代替汉朝统治天下。	The language [of the book] was like the Classics, accorded with them and made use of them in making its interpretations. Its final conclusion was that [Wang] Mang was due to have taken the place of the Han [emperors] and to possess the empire.
总有说之曰：“帝王受命，必有德祥之符瑞，协成五命，申以福应，然后能立巍巍之功，传于子孙，永享无穷之祚。	总括起来说：“帝王接受天命，必定有德行祥瑞的符兆，配合五德的运行，再加上福佑的应验，然后才能建立崇高的功业，传给子孙，永享无穷的福运。	In sum it said, "When lords or kings are to receive the mandate [of Heaven], there inevitably are portents and auspices concerning the presages of the virtues [and powers through whose dominance they rule], which assist and complete the mandate to the five [powers], and make this circumstance known by responses of heavenly favor. Then only can [a dynasty] achieve sublime merit and transmit it to its descendants, who will eternally enjoy boundless prosperity.
故新室之兴也，德祥发于汉三七九世之后。	因此新朝的兴起，德祥出现在汉朝经历二百一十年、九代之后。	Hence, when the Hsin dynasty arose, the happy presages of the virtue [of its power] came forth after the three sevens [of decades] and the nine generations [of emperors] of the Han [dynasty had elapsed].
肇命于新都，受瑞于黄支，开王于威功，定命于子同，成命于巴宕，申福于十二应，天所以保祐新室者深矣，固矣！	在新都受初始之命，在黄支接受祥瑞，在威功开创王业，在子同确定天命，在巴宕完成天命，通过十二种福应重申福佑，上天保佑新朝是多么深厚、多么牢固啊！	The mandate [to the Hsin dynasty] commenced when [Wang Mang was the Marquis of] Hsin-tu and received an auspicious presage from [the state of] Huang-chih. His kingship began [with the stone] at Wu-kung. The mandate was fixed [upon him by the portent from the man of] Tzu-t'ung.The mandate was completed by [the happening] at Tang-[ch'ü] in Pa [Commandery.The gods] expressed their favor by twelve responses, [so that] the method which Heaven has used to [show that it] protects and blesses the Hsin dynasty is indeed deep and indeed substantial.
“武功丹石出于汉氏平帝末年，火德销尽，土德当代，皇天眷然，去汉与新，以丹石始命于皇帝。	“武功县的丹石出现在汉朝平帝末年，火德消亡，土德应当代替，皇天顾念，抛弃汉朝，给予新朝，用丹石首次向皇帝授予天命。	"The red stone at Wu-kung appeared in the last year of Emperor P'ing of the Han dynasty, when the virtue of fire had been completely dissipated and the virtue of earth was due to take the place [of the virtue of fire]. August Heaven was solicitous [on account of this circumstance] and so rejected the Han [dynasty] and gave [His mandate] to the Hsin [dynasty], using the red stone as its first mandate to the Emperor.
皇帝谦让，以摄居之，未当天意，故其秋七月，天重以三能文马。	皇帝谦让，以摄政身份居位，不符合天意，因此那年秋七月，上天又用三台星和文马重申天命。	The Emperor, [Wang Mang, however] humbly refused to accept [this title] and hence occupied [the throne] as regent. [But that action] did not accord with the will of Heaven, hence in that autumn, the seventh month, Heaven again used the varicolored horse of [the constellation] San-t'ai.
皇帝复谦让，未即位，故三以铁契，四以石龟，五以虞符，六以文圭，七以玄印，八以茂陵石书，九以玄龙石，十以神井，十一以大神石，十二以铜符帛图。	皇帝又谦让，没有即位，因此第三次用铁契，第四次用石龟，第五次用虞符，第六次用文圭，第七次用玄印，第八次用茂陵石书，第九次用玄龙石，第十次用神井，第十一次用大神石，第十二次用铜符帛图。	The Emperor, [Wang Mang], again humbly refused, and did not yet ascend the throne, hence [there came] a third [mandate] by an iron contract, a fourth [mandate] by a stone tortoise, a fifth [mandate] by a portent from Yü [Shun], a sixth [mandate] by an inscribed sceptre, a seventh [mandate] by a black seal, an eighth [mandate] by a stone message at Mou-ling, a ninth [mandate] by a dark dragon stone, a tenth [mandate] by a supernatural well, an eleventh [mandate] by a great supernatural stone, and a twelfth [mandate] by a copper portent and a design on silk.
申命之瑞，浸以显著，至于十二，以昭告新皇帝。	重申天命的祥瑞，逐渐显著，直到十二次，以明确告示新皇帝。	The happy presages which expressed the mandate [of Heaven] gradually became [more and more] outstanding until they reached [the number of] twelve, in order to announce plainly that the Emperor of the Hsin [dynasty should ascend the throne].
皇帝深惟上天之威不可不畏，故去摄号，犹尚称假，改元为初始，欲以承塞天命，克厌上帝之心。	皇帝深知上天的威严不可不畏，因此去掉摄政称号，仍称假皇帝，改年号为初始，想以此承应天命，满足上天的心意。	The Emperor pondered deeply that the majesty of Heaven Above could not but be feared. Hence he did away with the title of Regent, yet still called himself the Acting [Emperor], and changed the year-period to Ch'u-shih, intending thereby to stop the mandate of Heaven and yet to carry out and satisfy the will of the Lords on High.
然非皇天所以郑重降符命之意，故是日天复决以龟书。	但这不符合皇天郑重降下符命的本意，因此当天上天又用龟书作出决断。	Yet that was not the purpose for which August Heaven had so carefully sent down his mandate through portents. Hence on that [very] day Heaven again settled [his hesitancy] by a tortoise letter.
有侍郎王盱见人衣白布单衣，赤缋方领，冠小冠，立于王路殿前，谓盱曰：“今日天同色，以天下人民属皇帝。”	有侍郎王盱看见一个人穿着白布单衣，红色绣边的方领，戴着小帽子，站在王路殿前，对王盱说：“今天天地同色，把天下人民托付给皇帝。”	A Gentleman-in-attendance, Wang Hsü, moreover saw a man clothed in a white plain cloth thin garment with a square collar of red ribbon, wearing on his head the small bonnet, standing in front of the Hall With the Royal Apartments. He said to [Wang] Hsü, `Today, in heaven [everyone] is of the same mind to confide the people of the world to [Wang Mang] as Emperor.'
盱怪之，行十余步，人忽不见。	王盱感到奇怪，走了十多步，那人忽然不见了。	While [Wang] Hsü was marvelling at it and walked more than ten double-paces, the man was suddenly not seen.
其夕，岁星入太微，Fill荧惑。	当天傍晚，岁星进入太微星座，遮掩了荧惑星。	On the evening of [the day] ping-yin, at the Temple of [Emperor] Kao of the Han dynasty, there was a metal casket with a design and a charter, [stating that] Emperor Kao had received the mandate of Heaven to transmit the state to the Emperor of the Hsin [dynasty].
有金策书，高帝神令以国传新皇帝。	出现金策书，高帝的神灵命令把国家传给新皇帝。	The next morning, the Elder of the Imperial House, the Marquis of Loyalty and Filial Piety, Liu Hung, reported it.
明旦，宗伯忠孝侯刘宏以闻。	第二天早晨，宗伯忠孝侯刘宏将此事上报。	Thereupon the ministers were summoned to discuss it.
乃召公卿议，未决，而大神石人谈曰：“趣新皇帝之高庙受命。	于是召集公卿商议，还未决定，大神石人发话道：“赶快让新皇帝到高庙接受天命。	When they had not yet reached a decision, the great supernatural stone man spoke, saying, `Hasten the Emperor of the Hsin [dynasty] to the Temple of [Emperor] Kao, [where he is] to receive the Mandate.
毋留！”	不要拖延！”	Do not delay.'
于是新皇帝立登车，之汉氏高庙受命，受命之日，丁卯也。	于是新皇帝立即上车，前往汉朝高庙接受天命，接受天命的日子是丁卯日。	Thereupon the Emperor of the Hsin [dynasty, Wang Mang], at once mounted his chariot and went to the Temple of [Emperor] Kao of the Han dynasty and received the mandate. The day of receiving the mandate was ting-mao.
丁，火，汉氏之德也。	丁属火，是汉朝的德运。	Ting is fire, which is the virtue of the Han dynasty;
卯，刘姓所以为字也。	卯，是构成刘字的一部分。	mao is that whereby the [Han dynasty's] surname, Liu, becomes this written character.
明汉刘火德尽，而传于新室也。	表明汉朝刘氏的火德已尽，政权传给新朝。	It makes plain that the virtue of fire, [which was that of] the Han [dynasty] and of the Liu [clan], is exhausted, and that [the state] has been transmitted to the house of Hsin.
皇帝谦谦，既备固让，十二符应迫著，命不可辞，惧然祗畏，苇然闵汉氏之终不可济，亹亹左右之不得从意，为之三夜不御寝，三日不御食。	皇帝谦逊，已多次坚决辞让，但十二种符应紧迫明显，天命不可推辞，心怀敬畏，哀怜汉朝终究无法挽救，勤勉操劳而不能顺遂心意，为此三夜没有睡觉，三天没有吃饭。	Since the Emperor was perfect in `humility,' he renounced firmly [the honors indicated by] the twelve responses [from the gods] by portents, [but] he was compelled by the plain mandate [of Heaven] and could not refuse. He was startled and reverently awed, and worried and sad that the ending of the Han dynasty could not have been arrested. He was indefatigable in assisting [the Han dynasty, but] he could not carry out his purposes, and, because of that, for three nights he did not go to his bed and for three days he did not touch food.
延问公侯卿大夫，佥曰：“宜奉如上天威命。”	召见询问公侯卿大夫，都说：“应当遵照上天的威严命令。”	He invited and questioned the highest ministers, marquises, high ministers, and grandees, and all said, `It is proper that you should receive [the rule] according to the majestic mandate of Heaven Above.'
于是乃改元定号，海内更始。	于是改年号，定国号，全国更新。	Thereupon he changed the year-period, fixed upon his title, and [gave the opportunity for] a new beginning to [all] within [the four] seas.
新室既定，神祗欢喜，申以福应，吉瑞累仍。	新朝建立后，神灵欢喜，用福佑应验重申，吉祥瑞兆接连不断。	When the House of Hsin had been fixed [upon the throne], the gods in heaven and earth were glad and rejoiced, and emphasized it by responses of [celestial] favor. Their fortunate presages were continuous and reiterated.
《诗》曰：“宜民宜人，受禄于天；保右命之，自天申之。”	《诗经》说：“使民众安宁，受天福禄；上天保佑，重申天命。”	The Book of Odes says,
When [the sovereign] orders aright his people and orders aright his officers,
He receives blessings from Heaven,
Who protects and aids him and gives him his mandate.
By [this mandate] from Heaven he issues his imperial mandates — which refers to the present case."	这说的就是现在的情形。”
五威将奉《符命》，赍印绶，王侯以下及吏官名更者，外及匈奴、西域，徼外蛮夷，皆即授新室印绶，因收故汉印绶。	五威将恭敬地捧着《符命》，携带印信绶带，对王侯以下及更改官名的官吏，以及塞外的匈奴、西域和边境以外的蛮夷，都就地授予新朝的印信绶带，同时收回原来汉朝的印信绶带。	The Generals of the Five Majestic [Principles], in respectful obedience to the mandate [given by] portents, brought seals and cords and gave them to the kings, the marquises, and those of lower [rank], down to the lower officials whose official titles had been changed, and, outside [the country], to the Huns, to the Western Frontier Regions, and to the barbarians outside the borders. From all [of these persons], immediately that [the Generals] had given out the seals and cords of the House of Hsin, they thereupon took up the seals and cords of the former Han [dynasty].
赐吏爵人二级，民爵人一级，女子百户羊、酒、蛮夷币、帛各有差。	赏赐官吏每人二级爵位，百姓每人一级爵位，每百户女子赏赐羊、酒，蛮夷赏赐财物、丝帛各有等级。	There were granted, to the lower officials, two steps in noble rank per person, to common people, one step in noble rank per person, to the women of a hundred households, a sheep and wine, and to the barbarians, currency and silk, to each proportionately.
大赦天下。	大赦天下。	A general amnesty [was granted] to the empire.
五威将乘《乾》文车，驾《坤》六马，背负鷩鸟之毛，服饰甚伟。	五威将乘坐绘有《乾》卦图文的车子，套着六匹母马，背上插着锦鸡羽毛，服饰十分壮观。	The Generals of the Five Majestic [Principles] rode in chariots [emblazoned] with the lines of [the hexagram] Ch'ien, [representing Heaven], yoked to [the hexagram] K'un [in the shape of] six mares. On their backs they bore the feathers of the golden pheasant, and their robes were decorated very extraordinarily.
每一将各置左右前后中帅，凡五帅。	每一将各设置左、右、前、后、中帅，共五帅。	For each General there were established Lieutenants of the Left, of the Right, of the Van, of the Rear, and of the Center, five Lieutenants in all.
衣冠车服驾马，各如其方面色数。	衣帽、车马和套马的颜色，各与所代表的方位的颜色和数目相应。	Their clothes and hats, chariots and robes, and the horses yoked [to their chariots] were severally like the colors and numbers of their directions.
将持节，称太一之使；帅持幢，称五帝之使。	将持节，称为太一之使；帅持旗，称为五帝之使。	The Generals carried credentials with the title, "A Messenger of the Supreme One" and the Lieutenants bore banners with the title, "A Messenger of the Five Lords [on High."
莽策命曰：“普天之下，迄于四表，靡所不至。”	王莽下策书说：“普天之下，直到四方极远之地，没有不到达的。”	Wang] Mang's charter-mandate to them read, "In the whole world, go to its four extremities and do not leave any place unvisited."
其东出者，至玄菟、乐浪、高句骊、夫馀；	向东出巡的，到达玄菟、乐浪、高句骊、夫馀；	Those who went out eastwards reached Hsüan-t'u [Commandery], Lo-lang [Commandery], the Kao-chü-li, and the Fu-yü.
南出者，逾徼外，历益州，贬句町王为侯；	向南出巡的，越过边境，经过益州，贬句町王为侯；	Those who went out to the south passed over [the border] beyond Yi Province, where they degraded the King of Kou-t'ing and made him a marquis.
西出者，至西域，尽改其王为侯；	向西出巡的，到达西域，将各国王都改为侯；	Those who went out to the west reached the Western Frontier Regions and changed all the kings there to be marquises.
北出者，至匈奴庭，授单于印，改汉印文，去“玺”曰“章”。	向北出巡的，到达匈奴王庭，授予单于印信，更改汉朝印文，去掉“玺”字改为“章”字。	Those who went out to the north reached the court of the Huns and gave the Shan-yü a seal which changed the words in the Han [dynasty's] seal, doing away with the word "imperial seal" and reading [instead], "official seal."
单于欲求故印，陈饶椎破之。	单于想要原来的印信，陈饶用椎打碎了它。	When the Shan-yü desired and asked for his former seal, Ch'en Jao had broken it to pieces.
语在《匈奴传》。	这件事记载在《匈奴传》中。	A discussion is in the "Memoir on the Huns."
单于大怒，而句町、西域后卒以此皆畔。	单于大怒，而句町、西域后来终究因此反叛。	The Shan-yü became furious. Kou-t'ing and the Western Frontier Regions moreover later finally all revolted because of this [change of titles].
饶还，拜为大将军，封威德子。	陈饶返回，被任命为大将军，封威德子。	When [Ch'en] Jao returned, he was installed as General-in-chief and was enfeoffed as Viscount of Majestic Virtue.
冬，雷，桐华。	冬季，打雷，桐树开花。	In the winter it thundered and the t'ung trees blossomed.
置五威司命，中城四关将军。	设置五威司命、中城四关将军。	[Wang Mang] established [as regular officials] Directors of Mandates from the Five Majestic [Principles, Generals] of the Central City [of the Five Majestic Principles], and four Generals of the [respective] Passes [in the four directions for the Five Majestic Principles].
司命司上公以下，中城主十二城门。	司命负责监察上公以下官员，中城负责十二城门。	The Directors of Mandates were directors to the officials [ranking] in the highest class of the highest ministers and to those [ranking] lower. [The Generals of] the Central City [of the Five Majestic Principles] were in charge of the twelve city gates [of Ch'ang-an].
策命统睦侯陈崇曰：“咨尔崇。	策命统睦侯陈崇说：“唉，陈崇。	The charter-mandate to the Marquis of Ruling Concord, Ch'en Ch'ung, read, "O thou Ch'ung!
夫不用命者，乱之原也；	不服从命令，是祸乱的根源；	Verily, disobedience to mandates is the source of sedition.
大奸猾者，贼之本也；	大奸猾之人，是为害的根本；	Great wickedness and knavishness is the origin of rebellion.
铸伪金钱者，妨宝货之道也；	铸造伪金钱，是妨害货币流通的行为；	The casting of counterfeit gold and cash is a means whereby obstacles are put [in the circulation of] the valuable currency.
骄奢逾制者，凶害之端也；	骄奢超越制度，是灾祸的开端；	Pride and extravagance overpassing the regulations is the beginning of evil and disaster [to oneself].
漏泄省中及尚书事者，‘机事不密则害成’也；	泄露宫中及尚书省的事务，是“机密不密则妨害成功”；	Divulging matters [discussed in] the Inner Apartments and [matters] concerning the Masters of Writing is [what is called], `When the delicate government affairs are not kept secret, injury will result.'
拜爵王庭，谢恩私门者，禄去公室，政从亡矣：凡此六条，国之纲纪。	在朝廷受爵，却到私家谢恩，是爵禄脱离朝廷，政权旁落：这六条，是国家的纲纪。	When those who are installed in noble ranks at the court of a [true] king [nevertheless] give thanks at the doors of private [persons] for the grace [shown them, it is what is called] `blessings leave the public halls' and the government goes to ruin. All these six matters are fundamental principles of the state.
是用建尔作司命，“柔亦不茹，刚亦不吐，不侮鳏寡，不畏强圉”，帝命帅由，统睦于朝。”	因此设立你为司命，要“软的不吞，硬的不吐，不欺辱鳏寡，不畏惧强暴”，遵奉皇帝的命令，使朝廷和睦统一。”	For this reason I establish you as Director of Commands [of the Five Majestic Principles]. "If a thing is soft, he does not devour it.
命说符侯崔发曰：“‘重门击柝，以待暴客。’女作五威中城将军，中德既成，天下说符。”	命令说符侯崔发道：“‘设置多重门户，夜间敲梆警戒，以防备盗贼。’你担任五威中城将军，内心的德行养成后，天下人就会信服符命。”	His [charter-] mandate to the Marquis Delighting in Portents, Ts'ui Fa, read, " `The double gates and the beating of night watches are a preparation against violent visitors.' You are to serve as General of the Central City of the Five Majestic [Principles]. When the central virtue is perfected, all the world will delight in [Heaven's] portents."
命明威侯王级曰：“绕霤之固，南当荆楚。女作五威前关将军，振武奋卫，明威于前。”	命令明威侯王级道：“绕霤的险固，南面正当荆楚之地。你担任五威前关将军，要振奋武力，奋力保卫，在前方显示威严。”	His [charter]-mandate to the Marquis Making the Majestic [Principles] Brilliant, Wang Chi, read, "The fastnesses of the twists and overhangings are at the south facing [the part of the ancient state], Ch'u [in Yü's province of] Ching. You are to serve as the General of the Southern Passes for the Five Majestic [Principles]. Invigorate your military [power] and make efforts in guarding [the capital], making the majestic [principles] brilliant at my front."
命尉睦侯王嘉曰：“羊头之厄，北当燕、赵。女作五威后关将军，壶口捶扼，尉睦于后。”	命令尉睦侯王嘉道：“羊头山的险阻，北面正当燕、赵之地。你担任五威后关将军，凭藉壶口的险要进行扼守，在后方安抚平定。”	His [charter]-mandate to the Marquis the Commandant of Concord, Wang Chia, read, "The narrow places of [Mount] Yang-t'ou are at the north facing [the former feudal states of] Yen and Chao. You are to serve as the General of the Northern Passes for the Five Majestic [Principles]. At the Hu-k'ou [Pass], strike [the enemy] and occupy [strategic positions], commanding concord at my rear."
命掌威侯王奇曰：“肴、黾之险，东当郑、卫。女作五威左关将军，函谷批难，掌威于左。”	命令掌威侯王奇道：“崤山、渑池的险要，东面正当郑、卫之地。你担任五威左关将军，在函谷关排除危难，在左翼执掌威严。”	His [charter]-mandate to the Marquis Grasping the Majestic [Principles], Wang Ch'i, read, "The difficult places of [Mounts] Hsiao and Mien-[ch'ih] are on the east, facing [the former states of] Cheng and Wei. You are to serve as the General of the Eastern Passes for the Five Majestic [Principles]. At the Han-ku [Pass], strike down dangers, grasping the majestic [principles] at my left."
命怀羌子王福曰：“汧陇之阻，西当戎狄。女作五威右关将军，成固据守地，怀羌于右。”	命令怀羌子王福道：“汧山、陇山的险阻，西面正当戎狄之地。你担任五威右关将军，在成固据守，在右翼安抚羌人。”	His [charter]-mandate to the Viscount Cherishing the Ch'iang, Wang Fu, read, "The obstacles of the Ch'ien [River and Mount] Lung are on the west, facing the barbarians. You are to serve as the General of the Western Passes for the Five Majestic [Principles]. Make them secure, guard them vigilantly and cherish the Ch'iang at my right."
又遣谏大夫五十人分铸钱于郡国。	又派遣谏大夫五十人分别到各郡国铸钱。	[Wang Mang] also sent Grandee-remonstrants [and others], fifty persons [in all], by divisions to cast cash in the commanderies and kingdoms.
是岁，长安狂女子碧呼道中曰：“高皇帝大怒，趣归我国。不者，九月必杀汝！”	这一年，长安有个疯女人碧在道路上呼喊说：“高皇帝大怒，赶快归还我的国家。否则，九月一定杀死你！”	In this year, a mad woman of Ch'ang-an, Pi, called out in the roads, saying, "Emperor Kao is furious [and says], `Quickly return my state. If not, in the ninth month I will inevitably kill you.' "
莽收捕杀之。	王莽拘捕并杀死了她。	[Wang] Mang had her arrested and killed.
治者掌寇大夫陈咸自免去官。	负责审理此案的掌寇大夫陈咸自动请求离职，辞去官职。	The Grandee in Charge of Brigands, Ch'en Ch'eng, who had to punish her, resigned of his own accord and left his office.
真定刘都等谋举兵，发觉，皆诛。	真定人刘都等人图谋起兵，被发觉，都被处死。	Liu Tu and others of [the former kingdom of] Chen-ting plotted to raise troops. [The plot] was discovered and all were executed,
真定、常山大雨雹。	真定、常山降大冰雹。	and in Chen-ting and in Ch'ang-shan [Commandery] there was a great rain of hail.
二年二月，赦天下。	二年二月，大赦天下。	In the second year, the second month, an amnesty [was granted] to the empire.
五威将帅七十二人还奏事，汉诸侯王为公者，悉上玺绶为民，无违命者。	五威将帅七十二人回来奏报事情，汉朝的诸侯王被降为公爵的，全都上缴印信绶带成为平民，没有违抗命令的。	The Generals of the Five Majestic [Principles] and their Lieutenants, 72 persons [in all], returned and memorialized their reports. The vassal kings of the Han [dynasty] who had become Dukes had all given up their kingly seals and cords, had become common people, and none had disobeyed [Wang Mang's] commands.
封将为子，帅为男。	封五威将为子爵，五威帅为男爵。	[Wang Mang] enfeoffed the Generals as Viscounts and the Lieutenants as Barons.
初设六管之令。	开始设立六管的法令。	The ordinances for the six monopolies [lit., "controls"] were first established.
命县官酤酒，卖盐铁器，铸钱，诸采取名山大泽众物者税之。	命令官府专卖酒，销售盐和铁器，铸造钱币，对所有开采名山大泽各种资源的人征收赋税。	It was commanded that the imperial government should [1] dispense liquors, [2] sell salt and [3] iron implements, [4] cast cash, and that all those who picked or took the various things from [5] famous mountains or great marshes were to be taxed.
又令市官收贱卖贵，赊贷予民，收息百月三。	又命令市官低价收购货物，高价卖出，向百姓赊贷，每月收取百分之三的利息。	It was also ordered [6] that the offices [in charge of] the market-places should collect [things when they are] cheap and sell them [when they are] dear, and should lend on credit to the common people, taking three [cash per] month as interest for a hundred [cash].
牺和置酒士，郡一人，乘传督酒利，禁民不得挟弩铠，徙西海。	牺和设置酒士，每郡一人，乘坐传车监督酒的利润，禁止百姓私藏弩和铠甲，违犯的流放到西海郡。	The Hsi-and-Ho, [Lu K'uang], established one Officer for Liquor in each commandery, with a riding quadriga, to oversee the profit from the liquor.
A prohibition was made that the common people were not allowed to possess crossbows or cuirasses. [Those who violated this prohibition] were to be exiled to Hsi-hai [Commandery].
匈奴单于求故玺，莽不与，遂寇边郡，杀略吏民。	匈奴单于请求归还原来的印信，王莽不给，单于于是侵犯边境各郡，杀戮掳掠官吏和平民。	When the Hun Shan-yü's [envoy, who had come to the imperial capital,] had asked for [the Shan-yü's] former imperial seal, [Wang] Mang had not given it to him, consequently [the Huns had] raided the border commanderies, killing and kidnapping officials and common people.
十一月，立国将军建奏：“西域将钦上言，九月辛已，戊己校尉中陈良、终带共贼杀校尉刁护，劫略吏士，自称废汉大将军，亡入匈奴。	十一月，立国将军孙建奏报：“西域将但钦上报，九月辛巳日，戊己校尉的属官陈良、终带共同杀死校尉刁护，胁迫官吏士兵，自称废汉大将军，逃入匈奴。	In the eleventh month, the General Establishing the State, [Sun] Chien, memorialized, "A general in the Western Frontier Regions, [Tan] Ch'in, has sent [to the court a message] which says, `In the ninth month, on [the day] hsin-szu, Ch'en Lang and Chung Tai, officials of the Mou-and-Chi Colonel, joined together, murdered their Colonel, Tiao Hu, and coerced officials and soldiers, calling themselves Generalissimos of the fallen Han [dynasty], and fled to the Huns.'
又今月癸酉，不知何一男子遮臣建车前，自称‘汉氏刘子舆，成帝下妻子也。刘氏当复，趣空宫。’	又本月癸酉日，不知哪个男子拦在我孙建的车前，自称‘汉朝刘子舆，是成帝的卑贱宫女所生的儿子。刘氏应当复兴，赶快空出皇宫。’	"Moreover in the present month, on [the day] kuei-ch'ou, a man of unknown provenance obstructed the front of your servant Chien's chariot, calling himself Liu Tzu-yü of the House of Han, a son of Emperor Ch'eng by a low-[class] wife, [saying that] the Liu clan is due to be restored and that the palaces should quickly be emptied.
收系男子，即常安姓武字仲。	拘捕这个男子，原来是常安人，姓武，字仲。	I arrested and bound the man, and he was [found to be a man of] Ch'ang-an, surnamed Wu, with the courtesy name Chung.
皆逆天违命，大逆无道。请论仲及陈良等亲属当坐者。	这些人都违背天命，大逆无道。请求判处武仲以及陈良等人的亲属中应当连坐的人。	"All of them have gone contrary to Heaven and disobeyed His mandate, which is treason and inhumanity. I beg that you will pass sentence upon [Wu] Chung, together with [Ch'en] Liang and the others, and upon their blood relatives and relatives by marriage who are due to be sentenced with them."
奏可。	奏请得到批准。	The memorial was approved.
汉氏高皇帝比著戒云，罢吏卒，为宾食，诚欲承天心，全子孙也。	汉朝高皇帝多次明确告诫说，要解散官吏士兵，作为宾客享受供奉，的确是想顺从天意，保全子孙。	[He also memorialized], "Emperor Kao of the Han dynasty frequently made known a warning saying, `Dismiss the officials and soldiers [in the Han Ancestral Temples] and make [the Han emperors] guests at the sacrifice [in the temples of the present dynasty],' sincerely desiring to accord with the will of Heaven and to preserve his descendants.
其宗庙不当在常安城中，及诸刘为诸侯者当与汉俱废。	汉朝的宗庙不应当留在常安城中，以及各刘姓皇族担任诸侯的应当随着汉朝一同被废除。	His ancestral temple ought not to be inside the city-walls of Ch'ang-an, and, together with the [members of] the Liu [clan] who are nobles, they should all have been dismissed at the same time that the Han [dynasty was overthrown].
陛下至仁，久未定。	陛下非常仁慈，很久没有作出决定。	Your Majesty is most benevolent and for this long time has not settled [this matter].
前故安众侯刘崇、徐乡侯刘快、陵乡侯刘曾、扶恩侯刘贵等更聚众谋反。	从前原安众侯刘崇、徐乡侯刘快、陵乡侯刘曾、扶恩侯刘贵等人接连聚集众人谋反。	"Previously, the former Marquis of An-chung, Liu Ch'ung, the [former] Marquis of Hsü-hsiang, Liu K'uai, the [former] Marquis of Ling-hsiang, Liu Ts'eng, and the [former] Marquis of Fu-ên, Liu Kuei, and others, one by one collected a crowd and plotted to rebel.
今狂狡之虏或妄自称亡汉将军，或称成帝子子舆，至犯夷灭，连未止者，此圣恩不蚤绝其萌牙故也。	现在狂妄狡猾的贼人有的妄自称亡汉将军，有的称是成帝的儿子子舆，直到犯下被诛灭宗族的罪行，接连不断，这是因为陛下的圣恩没有及早断绝他们的萌芽的缘故。	Now some perverse and treacherous caitiffs have falsely called themselves generals of the fallen Han [dynasty] and one person has called himself [Liu] Tzu-yü, a son of Emperor Ch'eng, so that they have committed [crimes punishable by] being executed and their relatives being annihilated. The reason that these continual [rebellions] have not stopped is that your sage grace has not sooner cut off the early growths [of such events].
芳愚以为汉高皇帝为新室宾，享食明堂。	我愚昧地认为汉高皇帝应当作为新朝的宾客，在明堂享受祭祀。	"Your servant stupidly considers that Emperor Kao of the Han [dynasty] should become a guest of the House of Hsin and enjoy sacrifices in the Ming-t'ang.
成帝，异姓之兄弟；平帝，婿也；皆不宜复入其庙。	成帝，是异姓的兄弟；平帝，是女婿；都不应当再进入他们的祠庙。	Emperor Ch'eng was your cousin with a different surname and Emperor P'ing was your son-in-law. For all of them it is not proper that they should again enter their temples.
元帝与皇太后为体，圣恩所隆，礼亦宜之。	元帝与皇太后是夫妇一体，陛下的圣恩所尊崇的，按礼制也适合那样对待。	Emperor Yüan became of one flesh with the Empress Dowager [nee Wang], and the rites by which your sage grace has exalted her are appropriate also for him.
臣请汉氏诸庙在京师者皆罢。	我请求将汉朝在京城的各祠庙全部废除。	"Your servant begs that the various temples of the Han dynasty in the imperial capital should all be abolished,
诸刘为诸侯者，以户多少就五等之差；其为吏者皆罢，待除于家。	各刘姓皇族担任诸侯的，根据封户多少归入五等爵位的等级；那些担任官吏的都予以罢免，在家等待任命。	that the various [members of] the Liu [clan] who are nobles should be put into the hierarchy of five degrees [of nobility] in accordance with the number of households [in their estates], and that those [members of the Liu clan] who are officials should all be dismissed and await new appointments at their homes.
上当天心，称高皇帝神灵，塞狂狡之萌。”	上以顺应天意，符合高皇帝的神灵，堵塞狂妄狡猾之徒的萌芽。”	On the one hand, [this procedure] will accord with the will of Heaven and agree with the supernatural manifestations from Emperor Kao, and [on the other hand], it will stop the beginnings of perverseness and treachery."
莽曰：“可。	王莽说：“可以。	[Wang] Mang said [in his message], "It may be done.
嘉新公国师以符命为予四辅，明务侯刘龚、率礼侯刘嘉等凡三十二人皆知天命，	嘉新公国师因符命担任我的四辅，明务侯刘龚、率礼侯刘嘉等共三十二人都知晓天命，	The Duke Honoring the Hsin [Dynasty], the State Master, [Liu Hsin], who, because of the mandate [given by] portents, has been made [one of] my Four Coadjutors, the Marquis of Brilliant Virtues, Liu Kung, the Marquis Leading by the Rules of Proper Conduct, Liu Chia" and others, "thirty-two persons in all, all understood the mandate of Heaven;
或献天符，或贡昌言，或捕告反虏，厥功茂焉。	有的进献天符，有的献上善言，有的拘捕告发反贼，他们的功劳很大。	they either presented portents from Heaven or offered congratulatory sayings or arrested or informed upon rebellious caitiffs, so that their merits are abundant.
诸刘与三十二人同宗共祖者勿罢，赐姓曰王。”	各刘姓皇族中与这三十二人同宗共祖的不罢免，赐姓王。”	The [members of] the Liu [clan] who are of the same clan and have the same grandfathers as these thirty-two persons are not to be dismissed and are to be granted the [imperial] surname, Wang."
唯国师以女配莽子，故不赐姓。	衹有国师因女儿嫁给了王莽的儿子，所以不赐姓。	Only the State Teacher, [Liu Hsin], was not granted this surname, because his daughter had been married to [Wang] Mang's son.
改定安太后号曰“黄皇室主”，绝之于汉也。	改定安太后的称号为“黄皇室主”，与汉朝断绝关系。	The title of the Duchess Dowager of Established Tranquillity, [Wang Mang's daughter], was changed, and she was called the Princess of the Yellow Imperial House, in order to cut her off from the [house of] Han.
冬十二月，雷。	冬季十二月，打雷。	In the winter, the twelfth month, it thundered.
更名匈奴单于曰“降奴服于。”	改匈奴单于的称号为“降奴服于”。	The title of the Shan-yü of the Huns (Hsiung-nu) was changed, and he was called the Submitted Capture (Fu-yü) of the Surrendered Slaves (Hsiang-nu).
莽曰：“降奴服于知威侮五行，背畔四条，侵犯西域，延及边垂，为元元害，罪当夷灭。	王莽说：“降奴服于囊知牙斯冒犯五行，背叛四条协议，侵犯西域，蔓延到边境，危害百姓，罪行应当诛灭宗族。	[Wang] Mang said [in a message], "The Submitted Capture of the Surrendered Slaves, [Lüan-ti] Chih, has `despised and insulted the five powers,' has turned his back upon and rebelled against the four articles, has invaded and violated the Western Frontier Regions, and has extended himself to and reached the frontiers [of China], where he has made himself injurious to the great multitude. His crimes are such that he ought to be executed and his relatives annihilated.
命遣立国将军孙建等凡十二将，十道并出，共行皇天之威，罚于知之身。	命令派遣立国将军孙建等共十二位将领，分十路同时出击，共同行使皇天的威严，惩罚囊知牙斯本人。	I command and send the General Establishing the State, Sun Chien," and others, "twelve generals [in all], to go out simultaneously by ten routes, and respectfully perform the majestic punishment of August Heaven upon the person of [Lüan-ti] Chih.
惟知先祖故呼韩邪单于稽侯犭册累世忠孝，保塞守徼，不忍以一知之罪，灭稽侯犭册之世。	想到囊知牙斯的先祖原呼韩邪单于稽侯狦世代忠孝，保卫边塞，驻守边疆，不忍心因为囊知牙斯一人的罪行，灭绝稽侯狦的后代。	But I ponder that the ancestor of [Lüan-ti] Chih, the former Shan-yü Hu-han-hsieh, [Lüan-ti] Chi-hou-shan, was loyal and filial during successive reigns, protecting the barriers and guarding the frontiers. I cannot bear, because of the crime of one [Lüan-ti] Chih, to destroy the posterity of [Lüan-ti] Chi-hou-shan.
今分匈奴国土人民以为十五，立稽侯犭册子孙十五人为单于。	现在将匈奴的土地和人民分为十五部分，立稽侯狦的十五个子孙为单于。	Now I divide the state, territory, and people of the Huns and make of it fifteen [states], setting up fifteen descendants of [Lüan-ti] Chi-hou-shan as Shan-yü."
遣中郎将蔺苞、戴级驰塞下，召拜当为单于者。	派遣中郎将蔺苞、戴级快速前往边塞，召集并任命应当成为单于的人。	He sent a General of the Gentlemen-at-the-Palace, Lin Pao, [with] Tai Chi, to gallop just outside the barrier, summon, and install those who ought to become Shan-yü.
诸匈奴人当坐虏知之法者，皆赦除之”。	各匈奴人中因囊知牙斯而应当连坐受罚的，都予以赦免。	Those people of the Huns who ought to be sentenced because of the law [against] the caitiff [Lüan-ti] Chih were all [granted] amnesty and set free.
遣五威将军苗、虎贲将军王况出五原，	派遣五威将军苗訢、虎贲将军王况从五原郡出击，	[Wang Mang] sent the General of the Five Majestic [Principles], Miao Hsin, and the General of the as Rapid as Tigers, Wang K'uang, to go out of Wu-yüan [Commandery],
厌难将军陈钦、震狄将军王巡出云中，	厌难将军陈钦、震狄将军王巡从云中郡出击，	the General Repressing Difficulties, Ch'en Ch'in, and the General Making Barbarians Quake, Wang Hsün, to go out of Yün-chung [Commandery],
振武将军王嘉、平狄将军王萌出代郡，	振武将军王嘉、平狄将军王萌从代郡出击，	the General Invigorating His Military [Power], Wang Chia, and the General Tranquillizing the Barbarians, Wang Meng, to go out of Tai Commandery,
相威将军李棽、镇远将军李翁出西河，	相威将军李棽、镇远将军李翁从西河郡出击，	the General Assisting the Majestic [Principles], Li Shen, and the General Maintaining Order in Distant [Places], Li Weng, to go out of Hsi-ho [Commandery],
诛貉将军阳俊、讨秽将军严尤出渔阳，	诛貉将军阳俊、讨秽将军严尤从渔阳郡出击，	the General Executing the Mo, Yang Chün, and the General Expelling Filth, Chuang Yu, to go out of Yü-yang [Commandery],
奋武将军王骏、定胡将军王晏出张掖，	奋武将军王骏、定胡将军王晏从张掖郡出击，	the General Inciting to Military Deeds, Wang Chün, and the General Settling the Hu, Wang Yen, to go out of Chang-yi [Commandery],
及偏裨以下百八十人。	以及偏将裨将以下共一百八十人。	together with their lieutenant-, major-[generals], and subordinates, 180 persons [in all].
募天下囚徒、丁男、甲卒三十万人，	招募天下的囚徒、壮丁、士兵三十万人，	They enlisted the convicts, freemen, and armed soldiers of the empire, 300,000 persons [in all],
转众郡委输五大夫衣裘、兵器、粮食，	转运各郡储存的五大夫级官吏的衣物、兵器、粮食，	transporting the taxes from many commanderies, —clothes and furs, military implements, and provisions,
长吏送自负海江淮至北边，	高级官员护送，从沿海、长江、淮河一带直到北部边境，	escorted by the Chief Officials [of the prefectures]. From the seacoast, the Yang-tze, and the Huai [Rivers] to the northern borders,
使者驰传督趣，以军兴法从事，天下骚动。	使者乘坐传车监督催促，按照战时法令办事，全国骚动。	commissioners, [riding in] galloping quadrigae, supervised and urged them, and acted in accordance with the law for levying an army. The empire was disturbed.
先至者屯边郡，须皆具乃同时出。	先到达的部队驻扎在边郡，等待全部到齐后同时出击。	Those who arrived first encamped in the border commanderies, waiting for them all to arrive, and then go out at the same time.
莽以钱币讫不行，复下书曰：“民以食为命，以货为资，是以八政以食为首。	王莽因钱币始终不能流通，又下文告说：“百姓以粮食为命脉，以财物为资本，因此八项施政方针以粮食为首。	Because his cash and [other] currencies finally did not circulate, [Wang Mang] again issued a written message, which said, "The common people consider their food as their life and their goods as their wealth. For this reason among the eight [objects of] government, food is given the first place.
宝货皆重则小用不给，皆轻则僦载烦费，轻重大小各有差品，则用便而民乐。”	货币都贵重，小额交易就不便；都轻贱，运输就麻烦费钱；轻重大小各有等级，使用就方便，百姓就欢喜。”	If the valuable currency is all of large [denominations], when one needs a small amount [of money], it is not available; if it is all of small [denominations], then transporting it is troublesome and expensive; if large and small [denominations], big and little [coins], are each of different kinds, then their use is convenient and the common people rejoice."
于是造宝货五品，语在《食货志》。	于是制造五种货币，这些记载在《食货志》中。	Therefore [Wang Mang] created valuable currency of five kinds. A discussion is in the "Treatise on Food and Goods."
百姓不从，但行小大钱二品而已。	百姓不依从，衹通行大小钱两种而已。	The people did not accord, and only used merely two denominations of cash, the large and the diminutive [cash].
盗铸钱者不可禁，乃重其法，一家铸钱，五家坐之，没入为奴婢。	私自铸钱的无法禁止，于是加重刑罚，一家铸钱，五家连坐，没收为奴婢。	Since those who cast counterfeit cash could not be stopped, [Wang Mang] made the penalties [against counterfeiting] heavy. When one family cast cash, the five [neighboring] families were to be sentenced for it, [their property was to be] confiscated, and they were to be enslaved.
吏民出入，持布钱以副符传，不持者，厨传勿舍，关津苛留。	官吏百姓出入，要携带布钱作为符传的副证，不携带的，馆舍不让住宿，关卡渡口予以盘问扣留。	When officials and common people went in or out [the barriers], they were to carry spade-money as an adjunct to their passport credentials. For those who did not carry [spade-money], the [post]-kitchens and relay stations were not to house them, and at the barriers and fords they were to be investigated and detained.
公卿皆持以入宫殿门，欲以重而行之。	公卿都要携带它才能进入宫殿门，想用这种办法提高它的身价从而得以流通。	The ministers were all to hold them when they entered the gates of the palaces and halls. The intention was to make them valuable and circulate.
是时，争为符命封侯，其不为者相戏曰：“独无天帝除书乎？”	这时，人们争着制作符命以求封侯，那些没有制作的人互相开玩笑说：“难道衹有你没有天帝的任命书吗？”	At this time, [many persons] strove to make mandates [from Heaven by means of] portents in order to be enfeoffed as marquises. Those who did not make them, made sport, saying, "Were we alone without letters of appointment from the Lord of Heaven?"
司命陈崇白莽曰：“此开奸臣作福之路而乱天命，宜绝其原。”	司命陈崇向王莽报告说：“这是打开了奸臣谋私利的门路，扰乱天命，应当断绝这个根源。”	A Director of Mandates [from the Five Majestic Principles], Ch'en Ch'ung, advised [Wang] Mang of it, saying, "This [matter] is opening the way for wicked `subjects to confer [kingly] favors [upon themselves],' and to bring confusion upon the mandate of Heaven. It would be proper to cut away its source."
莽亦厌之，遂使尚书大夫赵并验治，非五威将率所班，皆下狱。	王莽也厌烦了这种事，于是派尚书大夫赵并查验处理，凡不是五威将帅所颁布的符命，制作的人都关进监狱。	[Wang] Mang also had had his fill of it, and thereupon had a Grandee Master of Writing, Chao Ping, investigate and try [such offenders]. Those who [made known portents] which were not those published by the Generals and Lieutenants of the Five Majestic [Principles] were all sent to prison.
初，甄丰、刘歆、王舜为莽腹心，倡导在位，褒扬功德；“安汉”、“宰衡”之号及封莽母、两子、兄子，皆丰等所共谋，而丰、舜、歆亦受其赐，并富贵矣，非复欲令莽居摄也。	起初，甄丰、刘歆、王舜是王莽的心腹，在朝中倡导，褒扬王莽的功德；“安汉公”、“宰衡”的称号以及封王莽的母亲、两个儿子和侄子，都是甄丰等人共同策划的，而甄丰、王舜、刘歆也得到赏赐，都富贵了，不再想让王莽居位摄政。	Previously, Chen Feng, Liu Hsin, and Wang Shun had been [Wang] Mang's intimate advisors and had led those who were in office in making known [Wang Mang's] achievements and virtuous conduct for rewards. His titles of [Duke] Giving Tranquillity to the Han [Dynasty] and Ruling Governor, together with the enfeoffment of [Wang] Mang's mother and his two sons and a nephew, were all planned by [Chen] Feng together with the others. [Chen] Feng, [Wang] Shun, and [Liu] Hsin had moreover received grants from him and had all become indeed wealthy and honorable.
They did not in addition want to bring it about that [Wang] Mang should become Regent.
居摄之萌，出于泉陵侯刘庆、前煇光谢嚣、长安令田终术。	居位摄政的发端，出自泉陵侯刘庆、前辉光谢嚣、长安令田终术。	The first beginnings of his becoming the Regent came from the Marquis of Ch'üan-ling, Liu Ch'ing, the Displayer of Splendor in the South, Hsieh Hsiao, and the Prefect of Ch'ang-an, T'ien Chung-shu.
莽羽翼已成，意欲称摄。	王莽的势力已经形成，想要称摄皇帝。	When [Wang] Mang's wings had grown and he desired to be entitled Regent,
丰等承顺其意，莽辄复封舜、歆两子及丰孙。	甄丰等人顺从他的意图，王莽就又封赏王舜、刘歆的两个儿子以及甄丰的孙子。	[Chen] Feng and the others accepted and agreed with his intentions. [Wang] Mang immediately enfeoffed in addition the two sons of [Wang] Shun and of [Liu] Hsin, together with [Chen] Feng's grandson.
丰等爵位已盛，心意既满，又实畏汉宗室、天下豪桀。	甄丰等人爵位已经很高，欲望已经满足，又实在害怕汉朝宗室和天下豪杰。	When the noble rank and official position of [Chen] Feng and the others had been received, their ambitions were satisfied. They moreover really feared the Han imperial house and the prominent persons in the empire.
而疏远欲进者，并作符命，莽遂据以即真，舜、歆内惧而已。	而关系疏远想要向上爬的人，纷纷制作符命，王莽于是依靠这些登上真皇帝位，王舜、刘歆内心恐惧而已。	But those who had been distant from [Wang Mang] and wanted to advance, simultaneously made mandates [from Heaven given through] portents. When [Wang] Mang thereupon employed them in order to ascend [the throne as] the actual [Emperor, Wang] Shun and [Liu] Hsin merely became inwardly fearful.
丰素刚强，莽觉其不说，故徙大阿、右拂、大司空丰、托符命文，为更始将军，与卖饼儿王盛同列。	甄丰一向刚强，王莽察觉他不高兴，所以调他任大阿、右拂、大司空，藉符命文辞，任命为更始将军，与卖饼儿王盛地位相同。	[Chen] Feng was ordinarily resolute, [so Wang] Mang became conscious that [Chen Feng] was not pleased. Hence [Wang Mang] removed him from being Grand Support Aiding on the Right and Grand Minister of Works, and, taking advantage of a writing on a mandate by a portent, he made him the General of a New Beginning, ranking him the same as the seller of cakes, Wang Sheng.
丰父子默默。	甄丰父子沉默不语。	[Chen] Feng and his son kept silent [but were dissatisfied].
时子寻为侍中京兆大君茂德侯，即作符命，言新室当分陕，立二伯，以丰为右伯，太傅平晏为左伯，如周、召故事。	当时甄丰的儿子甄寻担任侍中京兆大君茂德侯，就制作符命，说新朝应当划分陕地，设立二伯，以甄丰为右伯，太傅平晏为左伯，仿照周公、召公的旧例。	At this time, [Chen Feng's] son, [Chen] Hsün, was a Palace Attendant, Grand Governor of the Capital, and Marquis of Abundant Virtues. He now made a mandate [from Heaven by means of a] portent, saying that the House of Hsin ought to divide [its territory at] Shan and set up two Chiefs [to govern that territory], making [Chen] Feng the Western Chief and the Grand Tutor, and P'ing Yen, the Eastern Chief, as in the former circumstances [was done for the Dukes of] Chou and of Shao.
莽即从之，拜丰为右伯。	王莽立即依从了，任命甄丰为右伯。	[Wang] Mang thereupon followed this [mandate] and installed [Chen] Feng as the Western Chief.
当述职西出，未行，寻复作符命，言故汉氏平帝后黄皇室主为寻之妻。	正要按照职责西行，还没出发，甄寻又制作符命，说原汉朝平帝的皇后黄皇室主是甄寻的妻子。	[Chen] Feng was to "report on his duties" and go out to the west, but had not yet gone, when [Chen] Hsün again made a mandate [from Heaven by means of] a portent, which said that the Empress [nee Wang] of the former Emperor P'ing of the Han clan, the Princess of the Yellow Imperial House, was [to be] the wife of [Chen] Hsün.
莽以诈立，心疑大臣怨谤，欲震威以惧下，因是发怒曰：“黄皇室主天下母，此何谓也！”	王莽靠欺诈登上皇位，心中怀疑大臣怨恨诽谤，想显示威严来震慑臣下，藉此发怒说：“黄皇室主是天下人的母亲，这话是什么意思！”	[Wang] Mang had been set [on the throne] by fraud, so he suspected in his heart that his great officials would hate and malign him. He wanted to terrify them in order to make his inferiors fear him. Because of these [feelings], he burst out in anger and said, "The Princess of the Yellow Imperial House is a mother of the empire. What means this [statement] [about her becoming the wife of Chen Hsün]?"
收捕寻。	拘捕甄寻。	He [ordered Chen] Hsün arrested.
寻亡，丰自杀。	甄寻逃跑，甄丰自杀。	[Chen] Hsün fled and [Chen] Feng committed suicide.
寻随方士入华山，岁余捕得，辞连国师公歆子侍中东通灵将、五司大夫隆威侯棻，棻弟右曹长水校尉伐虏侯泳，大司空邑弟左关将军掌威侯奇，及歆门人侍中骑都尉丁隆等，牵引公卿党亲列侯以下，死者数百人。	甄寻跟着方士进入华山，一年多后被捕获，供词牵连到国师公刘歆的儿子侍中东通灵将、五司大夫隆威侯刘棻，刘棻的弟弟右曹长水校尉伐虏侯刘泳，大司空王邑的弟弟左关将军掌威侯王奇，以及刘歆的弟子侍中骑都尉丁隆等，牵连到公卿、党羽、亲属、列侯以下，死的有几百人。	[Chen] Hsün followed a gentleman versed in the magical arts and entered [the solitudes of] Mt. Hua. After more than a year he was siezed. His confession implicated [1] the Palace Attendant, Supernaturally [Influencing] General [Whose Influence] Penetrates Eastwards, Grandee in Charge of the Five Behaviors, and Marquis Prospering the Majestic [Principles], Liu Fen, the son of the State Master and Duke, [Liu] Hsin, [2] Liu Fen's younger brother, the Senior Department Head, Colonel of the Ch'ang River [Encampments], and Marquis Attacking Caitiffs, [Liu] Yung, [3] the General of the Eastern Passes [for the Five Majestic Principles] and Marquis Grasping the Majestic Principles, [Wang] Ch'i, the younger brother of the Grand Minister of Works, [Wang] Yi, together with [4] a disciple of Liu Hsin, the Palace Attendant and Chief Commandant of Cavalry, Ting Lung, and others. They involved ministers, their cabals, and their relatives. The full marquises and those [ranking] lower who died were numbered by the hundreds.
寻手理有“天子”二字，莽解其臂入视之，曰：“此一大子也，或曰一六子也。六者，戮也。明寻父子当戮死也。”	甄寻手掌的纹理有“天子”二字，王莽拆开他的手臂进去查看，说：“这是‘一大子’，或称‘一六子’。六，就是戮，表明甄寻父子应当被处死。”	In the lines of [Chen] Hsün's hands there were the words, "Son of Heaven." [Wang] Mang had his arms untied, had him enter [the palace], and looked at [his hands]. He said, "These [words] are `one big fellow.' " Some one said, "[It is] `one lu fellow.' `Lu' is to put to death. It makes plain that [Chen Feng and Chen] Hsün, father and son, must be put to death and die."
乃流棻于幽州，放寻于三危，殛隆于羽山，皆驿车载其尸传致云。	于是把刘棻流放到幽州，把甄寻驱逐到三危，把丁隆杀死在羽山，都用驿车运送他们的尸体到目的地。	Thereupon [Wang Mang] executed and banished [Liu] Fen to Yu Province, executed and expelled [(Wang) Ch'i to Mt. Ch'ung, executed and drove away Chen] Hsün to [Mt.] San-wei, and executed and killed [Ting] Lung on Mt. Yü. The corpses of all were transported in post-chariots to their destinations.
莽为人侈口蹶顄，露眼赤精，大声而嘶。	王莽嘴巴宽大，下巴突出，眼球突出，眼珠发红，声音粗大而沙哑。	As a man, [Wang] Mang had a large mouth and a receding chin, bulging eyes with brilliant pupils, and a loud voice which was hoarse.
长七尺五寸，好厚履高冠，以氂装衣，反膺高视，瞰临左右。	身高七尺五寸，喜欢穿厚底鞋、戴高帽子，用硬毛絮衣，挺胸仰视，居高临下地看着周围的人。	He was seven feet five inches tall, loved thick-[soled] shoes and tall bonnets, and used clothes padded with felt. He stuck out his chest and made himself look tall, [so that he could] look down on those who were around him.
是时，有用方技待诏黄门者，或问以莽形貌，待诏曰：“莽所谓鸱目虎吻豺狼之声者也，故能食人，亦当为人所食。”	这时，有个凭借方术在黄门待诏的人，有人问他王莽的相貌，待诏说：“王莽是所说的猫头鹰眼睛、老虎嘴巴、豺狼声音的人，所以能吃人，也会被人吃掉。”	At this time, there was a person skilled in medical and allied arts who was an Expectant Appointee at the Yellow Gate. Someone asked him about [Wang] Mang's figure and countenance, and the Expectant Appointee replied, "[Wang] Mang is a person who may be said to have owl's eyes, tiger's jaws, and a wolf's voice. Hence he is able to eat people and is also due to be eaten by people."
问者告之，莽诛灭待诏，而封告者。	问话的人把这话告诉了王莽，王莽处死了待诏并灭了他的族，封赏了告发的人。	The person who questioned him gave information about [his reply, and Wang] Mang exterminated the Expectant Appointee [and his relatives] and enfeoffed the informer.
后常翳云母屏面，非亲近莫得见也。	后来王莽常用云母屏风遮挡面容，不是亲近的人不能见到他。	Afterwards [Wang Mang] regularly screened himself with a mica fan, so that, except for his intimates, no one was permitted to have an audience with him.
是岁，以初睦侯姚恂为宁始将军。	这一年，任命初睦侯姚恂为宁始将军。	In this year, the Marquis of Original Concord, Yao Hsün, was made the General of a Peaceful Beginning.
三年，莽曰：“百官改更，职事分移，律令仪法，未及悉定，且因汉律令仪法以从事。	三年，王莽说：“百官的名称有变更，职务有变动，法律制度和礼仪规则，还没来得及全部确定，暂且依照汉朝的法律制度和礼仪规则处理事务。	In the third year, [Wang] Mang said, "The many offices have been changed and altered and their duties have been redistributed, but the code, ordinances, ceremonies, and laws have not yet been all determined upon, [hence] temporarily the Han [dynasty's] code, ordinances, ceremonies, and laws should be followed and applied in [government] business."
令公卿、大夫、诸侯、二千石举吏民有德行通政事能言语明文学者各一人，诣王路四门。”	命令公卿、大夫、诸侯、二千石级官吏各举荐一名有德行、通晓政事、擅长言辞、明习文献典籍的官吏或平民，前往王路四门。”	He ordered that the ministers, grandees, nobles, [and officials ranking at] 2000 piculs might recommend one official or commoner each who showed an upright character, who was experienced in administrative matters, who was gifted in speech, and who was intelligent in literary studies. [Such] persons were to go to the [Directors of] the Four Gates to the Royal Apartments."
遣尚书大夫赵并使劳北边，还言五原北假膏壤殖谷，异时常置田官。	派遣尚书大夫赵并出使慰劳北方边境，回来报告说五原郡北假地区土壤肥沃，适合种植谷物，从前常设置管理农田的官吏。	[Wang Mang] sent the Grandee Master of Writing, Chao Ping, to bring encouragement to the northern borders. He returned and said that in Po-chia of Wu-yüan [Commandery the soil] is fertile and produces grain, and that at other times offices for cultivated fields had regularly been established there.
乃以并为田禾将军，以戍卒屯田北假，以助军粮。	于是任命赵并为田禾将军，让戍卒在北假屯田，以补充军粮。	Thereupon [Wang Mang] made [Chao] Ping the General of Cultivated Fields and Grain to send frontier troops to garrison farms in Po-chia, in order to assist the army with provisions.
是时，诸将在边，须大众集，吏士放纵，而内郡愁于征发，民弃城郭流亡为盗贼，并州、平州尤甚。	这时，各将领在边境，等待大军集结，官兵放纵妄为，而内地各郡因征发人力物力而愁苦，百姓抛弃城邑流亡成为盗贼，并州、平州尤其严重。	At that time, while the various generals who were at the border were waiting for the large bands [of soldiers] to be collected, their officers and soldiers did as they pleased, while the inner commanderies were troubled with levying [troops] and collecting [materials]. The common people left the cities and suburbs and became vagrants, becoming thieves and robbers. In Ping Province they were especially numerous.
莽令七公六卿号皆兼称将军，遣著武将军逮并等填名都，中郎将、绣衣执法各五十五人，分填缘边大郡，督大奸猾擅弄兵者，皆便为奸于外，挠乱州郡，货赂为市，侵渔百姓。	王莽命令七公六卿都兼任将军称号，派遣著武将军逯并等人镇守著名的城市，中郎将、绣衣执法各五十五人，分别镇守边境的大郡，监督那些大肆作恶、擅自用兵的人，他们都在外地作奸犯科，扰乱州郡，行贿受贿，掠夺百姓。	[Wang] Mang ordered that the seven highest ministers and the six high ministers should all be concurrently entitled Generals, and sent the General Outstanding in Military Affairs, Lu Ping, and others to control the famous cities, together with 55 Generals of the Gentlemen-at-the-Palace and 55 Upholders of the Laws Clad in Embroidered Garments separately to control the large commanderies along the border, to correct the greatly cunning villains who were taking it upon themselves to make dupes of the troops. They all found it convenient to do evil in [the regions] outside [the capital], and caused confusion in the provinces and commanderies, making a business of bribes, taking advantage of the people for their own profit.
莽下书曰：“虏知罪当夷灭，故遣猛将分十二部，将同时出，一举而决绝之矣。	王莽下文告说：“叛虏囊知牙斯罪行应当诛灭宗族，所以派遣猛将分十二路，同时出击，一举歼灭他们。	[Wang] Mang issued a written message, saying, "The caitiff [Lüan-ti] Chih's crimes are such that he is due to be annihilated [with his relatives]. Hence I sent my fierce generals, with separate [commands as] twelve divisional generals, to set out simultaneously and destroy him utterly at one stroke.
内置司命军正，外设军监十有二人，诚欲以司不奉命，令军人咸正也。	在内部设置司命军正，在外部设置军监十二人，实在是想监督不遵命令的人，使军人都品行端正。	Within [the capital], I established Directors of Mandates [from the Five Majestic Principles] and Chiefs of Armies; outside [the capital] I set up Superintendants of Armies, twelve persons [in all] verily intending that they should have charge over those who do not uphold my mandate and should cause the soldiers all to be upright.
今则不然，各为权势，恐猲良民，妄封人颈，得钱者去。	现在却不是这样，他们各自利用权势，恐吓善良百姓，胡乱给人套上枷锁，得到钱财才释放。	But now they are not so. Each uses his power and influence to intimidate good people, illegally putting seals upon common peoples' necks. When [these officials] secure [a bribe of] cash, they take [the seal] off.
毒蠚并作，农民离散。	毒害同时发生，农民流离失所。	Poisonous and venomous stings are simultaneously performed [at various places], so that the peasants have left [their homes and have become] scattered.
司监若此，可谓称不？	司命军正和军监像这样，能说称职吗？	If the Directors and Superintendants are as the foregoing, can they be said to be suitable [for their offices]?
自今以来，敢犯此者，辄捕系，以名闻。”	从今以后，敢犯这类罪行的，立即逮捕监禁，上报姓名。”	From this time and henceforth, those who presume to offend in this [manner] will be immediately arrested and held [in prison] and their names shall be reported to me."
然犹放纵自若。	然而他们还是照样放纵妄为。	[The officials] however did as they liked just as before.
而蔺苞、戴级到塞下，招诱单于弟咸、咸子登入塞，胁拜咸为孝单于，赐黄金千斤，锦绣甚多，遣去；	蔺苞、戴级到达边塞，招诱单于的弟弟咸、咸的儿子登进入边塞，强迫封咸为孝单于，赏赐黄金千斤，大量锦绣，送他回去；	When Lin Pao and Tai Chi reached [the region] just outside the Barrier, they summoned and allured [Lüan-ti] Hsien, the younger brother of the Shan-yü, [Lüan-ti Chih], and [Lüan-ti] Hsien's son, [Lüan-ti] Teng, to enter through the Barrier. By force they installed [Lüan-ti] Hsien as the Shan-yü Hsiao, granting him a thousand catties of actual gold, and very much brocade and embroidery. They sent him away and brought [Lüan-ti] Teng to Ch'ang-an, [where he was] installed as the Shan-yü Shun and retained in the [Hun] princes' quarters.
将登至长安，拜为顺单于，留邸。	带登到长安，封他为顺单于，留在客馆。	[Lüan-ti] Teng, to Ch'ang-an, [where he was] installed as the Shan-yü Shun and retained in the [Hun] princes' quarters.
太师王舜自莽篡位后病悸，浸剧，死。	太师王舜自从王莽篡位后患上心悸病，逐渐加重，去世了。	From the time that [Wang] Mang usurped the throne, the Grand Master, Wang Shun, had been ill with [asthma and] palpitation of the heart, which gradually became worse, so that he died.
莽曰：“昔齐太公以淑德累世，为周氏太师，盖予之所监也。	王莽说：“从前齐太公凭借美好德行历经多代，担任周朝太师，这是我所效法的。	[Wang] Mang said [in a message], "Anciently the [Foreseen] Grand Duke of Ch'i, [Lü Shang], became the Grand Master of the Chou dynasty because of his purity and virtue during successive reigns—verily this is what I have perceived [in Wang Shun].
其以舜子延袭父爵，为安新公，延弟褒新侯匡为太师将军，永为新室辅。”	任命王舜的儿子王延继承父亲的爵位，为安新公，王延的弟弟褒新侯王匡为太师将军，世代作为新朝的辅佐。”	Let [Wang] Shun's son, [Wang] Yen, succeed to his father's noble rank and become the Duke Giving Tranquillity to the Hsin [Dynasty]; let [Wang] Yen's younger brother, the Marquis As Recompense to [the House of] Hsin, [Wang] K'uang, become the Grand Master and General; and [let his house] forever be Coadjutors to the Hsin dynasty."
为太子置师友各四人，秩以大夫。	为太子设置师、友各四人，俸禄比照大夫。	For the Heir-apparent, there were established four Masters and four Companions, who were ranked as Grandees.
以故大司徒马宫为师疑，	任命前大司徒马宫为师疑，	The former Grand Minister over the Masses, Ma Kung, became the Master of Doubts;
故少府宗伯凤为傅丞，	前少府宗伯凤为傅丞，	the former Privy Treasurer, Tsung-po Feng, became the Assistant Tutor;
博士袁圣为阿辅，	博士袁圣为阿辅，	the Erudit Yüan Sheng became the Supporting Coadjutor;
京兆尹王嘉为保拂，是为四师；	京兆尹王嘉为保拂，这是四师；	the Governor of the Capital, Wang Chia, became the Aiding Guardian. The foregoing were the Four Masters.
故尚书令唐林为胥附，	前尚书令唐林为胥附，	The former Prefect of the Masters of Writing, T'ang Lin, became the Attacher of the Indifferent,
博士李充为奔走，	博士李充为奔走，	the Erudit Li Ch'ung became the Hastener to Submission,
谏大夫赵襄为先后，	谏大夫赵襄为先后，	the Grandee-remonstrant Chao Hsiang became the Guide,
中郎将廉丹为御侮，是为四友。	中郎将廉丹为御侮，这是四友。	the General of the Gentlemen-at-the-Palace, Lien Tan, became the Defender. The foregoing were the four Companions.
又置师友祭酒及侍中、谏议、《六经》祭酒各一人，凡九祭酒，秩上卿。	又设置师友祭酒以及侍中祭酒、谏议祭酒、《六经》祭酒各一人，共九祭酒，俸禄比照上卿。	There was also established one Libationer for the Masters and Companions, together with one [Libationer] for the Palace Attendants, one [Libationer for] the Remonstrants and Consultants, and one Libationer [to expound] each of the six Classics, nine Libationers altogether. They were ranked [the same as] the highest ranking of the high ministers.
琅邪左咸为讲《春秋》、	琅邪人左咸为讲《春秋》祭酒，	Tso Hsien, from Lang-ya [Commandery], became the [Libationer] Expounding the Spring and Autumn;
颍川满昌为讲《诗》、	颍川人满昌为讲《诗经》祭酒，	Man Ch'ang, from Ying-ch'uan [Commandery], became the [Libationer] Expounding the Book of Odes;
长安国由为讲《易》、	长安人国由为讲《易经》祭酒，	Kuo Yu, from Ch'ang-an, became the [Libationer] Expounding the Book of Changes;
平阳唐昌为讲《书》、	平阳人唐昌为讲《书经》祭酒，	T'ang Ch'ang, from P'ing-yang, became the [Libationer] Expounding the Book of History;
沛郡陈咸为讲《礼》、	沛郡人陈咸为讲《礼经》祭酒，	Ch'en Hsien, from P'ei Commandery, became the [Libationer] Expounding the Book of Rites;
崔发为讲《乐》祭酒。	崔发为讲《乐经》祭酒。	Ts'ui Fa became the Libationer Expounding the Book of Music.
遣谒者持安车印绶，即拜楚国龚胜为太子师友祭酒，胜不应征，不食而死。	派遣谒者携带安车和印绶，就地任命楚国人龚胜为太子师友祭酒，龚胜不接受征召，绝食而死。	[Wang Mang] sent an Internuncio, bringing a comfortable chariot, seal, and cord, to go to [the home of] and install Kung Sheng, of the [former] kingdom of Ch'u, as the Libationer for the Masters and Companions of the Heir-apparent. [Kung] Sheng would not respond to the summons, refused to eat, and died.
宁始将军姚恂免，侍中、崇禄侯孔永为宁始将军。	宁始将军姚恂免职，侍中、崇禄侯孔永担任宁始将军。	The General of a Peaceful Beginning, Yao Hsün, was dismissed and the Palace Attendant, the Marquis of Eminent Blessings, K'ung Yung, became the General of a Peaceful Beginning.
是岁，池阳县有小人景，长尺余，或乘车马，或步行，操持万物，小大各相称，三日止。	这一年，池阳县出现小人影子，高一尺多，有的乘车马，有的步行，手持各种器物，器物大小与影子相称，三天后消失。	In this year, in the prefecture of Ch'ih-yang, there were shadows of dwarfs, a foot and more tall. Some rode in quadrigae with horses, some walked on foot, holding all sorts of things. The size [of these shadows in each group] were all proportionate to each other. On the third day, it stopped.
濒河郡蝗生。	黄河沿岸各郡发生蝗灾。	In the commanderies on the banks of the [Yellow] River, locusts sprang up,
河决魏郡，泛清河以东数郡。	黄河在魏郡决口，泛滥到清河以东多个郡。	and the [Yellow] River broke its banks in Wei Commandery, overflowing several commanderies from Ch'ing-ho [Commandery] eastwards.
先是，莽恐河决为元城冢墓害。	此前，王莽担心黄河决口会危害元城的祖坟。	Previous to this [time, Wang] Mang had feared that the [Yellow] River would break its banks and injure the tumuli and graves [of his great-grandfather, Wang Ho, and his descendants], at Yüan-ch'eng,
及决东去，元城不忧水，故遂不堤塞。	等到决口向东流去，元城没有水灾之忧，所以就不筑堤堵塞。	[but] when it broke its banks, it went eastwards and Yüan-ch'eng was not troubled by the water. Hence he therefore did not dike it.
四年二月，赦天下。	四年二月，大赦天下。	In the fourth year, the second month, an amnesty [was granted to] the empire.
夏，赤气出东南，竟天。	夏季，东南方向出现红气，横贯天空。	In the summer, a red emanation came out in the southeast, reaching to heaven.
厌难将军陈钦言捕虏生口，虏犯边者皆孝单于咸子角所为。	厌难将军陈钦说捕获了俘虏，敌人侵犯边境都是孝单于咸的儿子角干的。	The General Repressing Difficulties, Ch'en Ch'in, said that he had captured some caitiff [Huns] alive, and that [they had told] that violations of the border by the caitiffs had all been done by [Lüan-ti] Chio, the son of Shan-yü Hsiao, [Lüan-ti] Hsien.
莽怒，斩其子登于长安，以视诸蛮夷。	王莽发怒，在长安处死了咸的儿子登，向各蛮夷示众。	[Wang] Mang became angry and decapitated [Lüan-ti Hsien's] son, [Lüan-ti] Teng, at Ch'ang-an, in order to make him an example to the barbarians.
大司马甄邯死，宁始将军孔永为大司马，侍中大赘侯辅为宁始将军。	大司马甄邯去世，宁始将军孔永担任大司马，侍中大赘侯辅担任宁始将军。	The Commander-in-chief, Chen Han, died, and the General of a Peaceful Beginning, K'ung Yung, became the Commander-in-chief. The Palace Attendant and Grand Keeper of the Robes, Hou Fu, became the General of a Peaceful Beginning.
莽每当出，辄先搜索城中，名曰“横搜”。	王莽每次外出，总要先在城中搜查，称为“横搜”。	Every time that [Wang] Mang had to go out [of the palace], immediately preceding there was a search in the city, which was called a "general search."
是月，横搜五日。	这个月，横搜持续了五天。	In this month there was a general search for five days.
莽至明堂，授诸侯茅土。	王莽来到明堂，授予诸侯象征封国的茅土。	When [Wang] Mang reached the Ming-t'ang and gave the nobles their clods [enveloped in] quitch-grass [as a sign of enfeoffment],
下书曰：“予以不德，袭于圣祖，为万国主。	下文告说：“我没有德行，继承圣祖，成为各国君主。	he issued a written message which said, "Although I am not virtuous, because I have inherited [the merits accumulated by] my sage ancestors, I have become the lord of the ten-thousand states.
思安黎元，在于建侯，分州正惑，以美风俗。	想要安定百姓，关键在于建立诸侯，划分州郡纠正迷惑，以美化风俗。	Now the tranquillizing of the great multitude consists in establishing a nobility, dividing up [the country into] provinces and correcting their frontiers, in order to beautify [peoples'] customs,
追监前代，爰纲爰纪。	借鉴前代，建立纲纪。	and so I have sought out and surveyed the fundamental and subordinate principles of the earlier dynasties.
惟在《尧典》，十有二州，卫有五服。	《尧典》记载有十二州，保卫疆土有五服。	Verily, in the `Canon of Yao' [it speaks of] twelve provinces and [concerning] defences [it speaks of] five domains;
《诗》国十五，布遍九州。	《诗经》记载有十五国，分布在九州。	the Book of Odes [speaks of] fifteen states, distributed among nine provinces;
《殷颂》有“奄有九有”之言。	《殷颂》有“拥有九州”的说法。	the `Sacrificial Odes of Yin' have the saying, `[T'ang the Victorious] grandly possessed his nine possessions';
《禹贡》之九州无并、幽，《周礼·司马》则无徐、梁。	《禹贡》的九州没有并州、幽州，《周礼·司马》则没有徐州、梁州。	and the `Tribute of Yü' [speaks of] nine provinces, not having a Ping or Yu [Province], while the Chou Offices, [sub] the Commander-[in-chief], has however no Hsü or Liang [Province].
帝王相改，各有云为。	帝王相继更替，各有举措。	The lords and kings changed [the arrangements] of their [predecessors]. Each one [distinguished himself] by his words or actions,
或昭其事，或大其本，厥义著明，其务一矣。	有的彰显其事，有的光大其本，意义明确，目标一致。	some making their deeds brilliant and some enlarging their foundations, [but] their purposes were outstanding and their intentions were the same.
“昔周二后受命，故有东都、西都之居。	“从前周朝两位君主接受天命，所以有东都、西都的设置。	"Anciently, two sovereigns of the Chou [dynasty] received the mandate [of Heaven], hence [the dynasty] had dwelling-places at the Eastern Capital, [Lo], and at the Western Capital, [Feng].
予之受命，盖亦如之。	我接受天命，也应当如此。	Since I have received the mandate [of Heaven], I should verily also be like them.
其以洛阳为新室东都，常安为新室西都。	以洛阳为新朝东都，常安为新朝西都。	Let Lo-yang become the Eastern Capital of the House of Hsin and let Ch'ang-an become the Western Capital of the House of Hsin,
邦畿连体，各有采任。	都城及其周边地区相连，各有采地和封邑。	[two] royal domains with the appropriate organizations, each [royal domain] including territory for the estates of high bureaucrats and baronesses.
州从《禹贡》为九，爵从周氏有五。	州依照《禹贡》分为九州，爵位依照周朝有五等。	The provinces shall accord with those in the `Tribute of Yü and shall be nine [in number].
The noble ranks shall follow those of the Chou dynasty and shall be five [in number].
诸侯之员千有八百，附城之数亦如之，以俟有功。	诸侯的名额为一千八百，附城的数量也是如此，以等待有功之人。	The number of the nobles shall be [limited to] 1800, and the number of the Sub-Vassals shall in addition be the same [as that of the nobles, which positions] shall await those who distinguish themselves.
诸公皆方百里，众万户，侯伯七十里，户五千，子男五十里，户二千五百。	各公封地都是方圆百里，一万户，侯伯七十里，五千户，子男五十里，二千五百户。	The various dukes shall [each] have the territory of one t'ung, the multitude in ten thousand households, a territory a hundred li square. The marquises and earls shall [each] have one kuo, the multitude in five thousand households, a territory seventy li square. The viscounts and barons shall [each] have one tsê, the multitude in 2500 households, a territory fifty li square.
大侯不过九命，次七命，小五命。	大侯不超过九命，次一等七命，小的五命。	Great Vassals shall have as their estates nine ch'eng, the multitude in 900 households, a territory 30 li square. From nine [ch'eng] on down, [the estates of Vassals] shall decrease [by stages of] two [ch'eng], down to one ch'eng.
其有众庶，附于大侯，不得过九卿。	附城的民众，依附于大侯，不超过九卿。	When [the position of these] five degrees [of Sub-Vassals] are all filled, [their territories] will together be equal to one tsê.
“今已受茅土者，公十四人、侯九十三人、伯二十一人、子百七十一人、男四百九十七人，凡七百九十六人。	“现在已受茅土的，有公十四人、侯九十三人、伯二十一人、子一百七十一人、男四百九十七人，共七百九十六人。	Those who have now already received their clods [enveloped in] quitch-grass are: fourteen dukes, 93 marquises, 21 earls, 171 viscounts, and 497 barons, altogether 796 persons.
附城千五百一十一人。	附城一千五百一十一人。	[There are also] 1511 Sub-Vassals and 83 women among the nine [classes of royal] relatives who have become Baronesses.
九族之女为任者，八十三人。	九族的女子受任爵的，八十三人。	Moreover the female descendants of the Han dynasty, the Baronetess Serving the Rules of Proper Conduct, the Baronetess Obedient to Virtue, and the Baronetess Cultivating Moral Principles, in [the former kingdom of] Chung-shan, have been changed and made Baronesses.
及汉氏女孙中山承礼君、遵德君、修义君更以为任。	以及汉朝中山王的女儿承礼君、遵德君、修义君，改封为任爵。	Moreover the female descendants of the Han dynasty, the Baronetess Serving the Rules of Proper Conduct, the Baronetess Obedient to Virtue, and the Baronetess Cultivating Moral Principles, in [the former kingdom of] Chung-shan, have been changed and made Baronesses.
萎有一公，九卿，十二大夫，二十四元士。	还有十一公，九卿，十二大夫，二十四元士。	For the eleven highest ministers, the nine high ministers, the twelve grandees, and the twenty-four First Officers, their states, estates, or the places from which they draw their revenues have been fixed.
定诸国邑采之处，使侍中讲礼大夫孔秉等与州部众郡晓知地理图籍者，共校治于寿成朱鸟堂。	划定各诸侯国、封邑、采地的位置，派侍中讲礼大夫孔秉等与州部、各郡通晓地理图册的人，在寿成朱鸟堂共同核对整理。	I have caused the Palace Attendant and Grandee Expounding the Book of Rites, K'ung Ping, and others, with [the people] in the provincial divisions and the many commanderies who understand and know the principles of geographical arrangements, maps, and tax registers, together to examine them carefully and study them in the Vermillion Bird Hall of the Shou-ch'eng [House] and determine upon [the division of the empire into nine divisions].
予数与群公祭酒上卿亲听视，咸已通矣。	我多次与群公、祭酒、上卿亲自听取查看，都已清楚了。	I and the various highest ministers, Libationers, and high ministers of the highest rank have several times in person considered [this matter], so that I have already comprehended it all.
夫褒德赏功，所以显仁贤也；九族和睦，所以褒亲亲也。	表彰德行、赏赐功勋，是为了彰显仁贤；九族和睦，是为了褒扬亲属亲情。	Verily, the recompensing of virtuous conduct and the rewarding of achievements are the means of making illustrious men of virtue and stability. Harmony among one's nine [classes of] relatives is their way of making a return for one's love of one's relatives.
予永惟匪解，思稽前人，将章黜陟，以明好恶，安元元焉。”	我将永远不懈，思考借鉴前人，将明确升降赏罚，以表明好恶，安定百姓。”	I will never cease to think deeply, will consider the ways of former [rulers], and will make clear promotions and demotions to manifest approval and disapproval, and to give peace to the people."
以图簿未定，未授国邑，且令受奉都内，月钱数千。	因地图户籍尚未确定，未授予封国封邑，暂且让他们在都内领取俸禄，每月数千钱。	Because the maps and tax registers [for the new division of the country] had not yet been completed, [Wang Mang] had not yet given [these appointees] any states or estates and temporarily ordered that they should receive several thousand cash per month as salary from the [income of] the capital and inner [commanderies].
诸侯皆困乏，至有庸作者。	诸侯都贫困，甚至有为人做工的。	The nobles were all miserably poor, and there were even some who hired themselves out.
中郎区博谏莽曰：“井田虽圣王法，其废久矣。	中郎区博劝谏王莽说：“井田制虽是圣王之法，但废弃已久。	A Gentleman-of-the-Household, Ou Po, admonished [Wang] Mang, saying, "Although the ching [system of] cultivated fields was a law of the sage-kings, it has already been abolished for a long time.
周道既衰，而民不从。	周朝制度衰落之后，百姓不再依从。	When the practises of the Chou [dynasty] had decayed, so that the common people did not follow them,
秦知顺民之心，可以获大利也，故灭庐井而置阡陌，遂王诸夏，讫今海内未厌其敝。	秦朝知道顺应民心，可以获得巨大利益，所以废除井田制，设立阡陌，于是统一天下，至今全国仍未厌倦其弊端。	the Ch'in [dynasty] knew how to accommodate itself to the common peoples' minds so as to be able to make great profits. Hence [this dynasty] did away with the cottages of the ching [system] and established [salable] subdivisions [of cultivated fields], and therefore came to rule over all China.
至今，[all] within [the four] seas have not yet had their fill of the perversity of the [Ch'in dynasty in removing the ching system].
今欲违民心，追复千载绝迹，虽尧、舜夏起，而无百年之渐，弗能行也。	现在想要违背民心，恢复千年已绝的制度，即使尧、舜再生，没有百年的渐进过程，也不能实行。	If now you wish to go contrary to the desires of the common people and restore the lost practises of a thousand years ago, even though Yao and Shun should arise again, [yet] without a hundred years of gradual [training], they would be unable to put [these ancient practises] into effect.
天下初定，万民新附，诚未可施行。”	天下刚刚安定，百姓新近归附，实在不可施行。”	The empire has recently been tranquillized and the many common people have newly attached themselves [to you, so that the ching system] cannot yet be really put into practise."
莽知民怨，乃下书曰：“诸名食王田，皆得卖之，勿拘以法。	王莽知道百姓怨恨，于是下文告说：“所有名属王田的，都可以出卖，不要用法律限制。	[Wang] Mang knew that the common people hated [his arrangements], so he issued a written message, which said, "Those who own or enjoy the income from the King's Fields are all permitted to sell them and are not to be restricted by the law.
犯私买卖庶人者，且一切勿治。”	违犯私自买卖平民禁令的，暂且一概不予惩处。”	Those who violated [the law against] private buying and selling of ordinary people [as slaves] will moreover temporarily not be punished."
初，五威将帅出，改句町王以为侯，王邯怨怒不附。	起初，五威将帅出巡，改句町王为侯，句町王邯怨恨愤怒，不归附。	In the beginning, when the Five Majestic Generals and Commanders went out, they changed the King of Kou-t'ing to a marquis. King Han resented and was angry and would not submit.
莽讽牂柯大尹周歆诈杀邯。	王莽暗示牂柯大尹周歆用欺诈手段杀死邯。	Wang Mang hinted to the Grand Governor of Tsang-k'o [Commandery], Chou Hsin, to kill [Wu] Han by a ruse.
邯弟承起兵攻杀歆。	邯的弟弟承起兵进攻，杀死周歆。	[After this had been done, Wu] Han's younger brother, [Wu] Ch'eng, raised troops, attacked, and killed [Chou] Hsin.
先是，莽发高句骊兵，当伐胡，不欲行，郡强迫之，皆亡出塞，因犯法为寇。	此前，王莽征发高句骊的军队，准备攻打匈奴，他们不愿前往，郡里强迫他们，于是都逃出边塞，趁机犯法为寇。	Before this, Wang Mang had ordered troops from Kao-chü-li to be mobilized to campaign against the Hu. They did not want to go, and when the commandery forced them, they all fled beyond the frontier and thereupon violated the law and became bandits.
辽西大尹田谭追击之，为所杀。	辽西大尹田谭追击他们，被他们杀死。	The Grand Governor of Liao-hsi [Commandery], T'ien T'an, pursued and attacked them, but was killed by them.
州郡归咎于高句骊侯驺。	州郡将罪责归于高句骊侯驺。	The provincial and commandery [authorities] put the blame upon a marquis of the Kao-chü-li, Tsou.
严尤奏言：“貉人犯法，不从驺起，正有它心，宜令州郡且尉安之。	严尤上奏说：“貉人犯法，不是从驺开始的，即使他有别的心思，也应命令州郡暂且安抚他。	Chuang Yu memorialized, saying, "The violations of the law by the Mo people did not arise from Tsou. Even if [Tsou] had evil intentions, it would be proper to order the provincial and commandery [authorities] temporarily to soothe him.
今猥被以大罪，恐其遂畔，夫馀之属必有和者。	现在随便给他加上大罪，恐怕他会因此反叛，夫馀之类的部族定会有响应的。	If now he is suddenly adjudged [guilty of] a serious crime, it is to be feared that he will thereupon rebel. Some of the Fu-yü and their like would certainly respond to him.
匈奴未克，夫馀、秽貉复起，此大忧也。”	匈奴尚未战胜，夫馀、秽貉又起来反叛，这是大忧患啊。”	The Huns have not yet been conquered, if the Fu-yü and the Wei-mo arise again, there would be serious trouble."
莽不尉安，秽貉遂反，诏尤击之。	王莽不予安抚，秽貉于是反叛，诏令严尤攻打他们。	[Wang] Mang did not [direct the officials] to console and calm [Tsou], and the Wei-mo accordingly revolted. By an imperial edict, [Wang Mang] ordered [Chuang] Yu to attack them.
尤诱高句骊侯驺至而斩焉，传首长安。	严尤引诱高句骊侯驺前来，将他斩杀，把首级传送到长安。	[Chuang] Yu lured Tsou, the marquis of the Kao-chü-li, to come, and beheaded him.
莽大说，下书曰：“乃者，命遣猛将，共行天罚，诛灭虏知，分为十二部，或断其右臂，或斩其左腋，或溃其胸腹，或其两胁。	王莽非常高兴，下文告说：“近来，命令派遣猛将，奉行天罚，诛灭虏知，分为十二路，有的斩断他的右臂，有的斩断他的左腋，有的击溃他的胸腹，有的劈裂他的两胁。	When his head had been transmitted to Ch'ang-an, [Wang] Mang was greatly pleased, and issued a written message which said, "Recently, I have commanded and sent my fierce generals to perform respectfully the punishment [directed by] Heaven, to execute and annihilate the caitiff [Lüan-ti] Chih. They are divided into twelve regiments. Some are to cut off his right arm, some to cut thru his left arm-pit, some to break thru his chest and abdomen, and some to pull out his ribs.
今年刑在东方，诛貉之部先纵焉。	今年刑罚在东方，诛貉的部队先出击。	In this year punishments are in the eastern quarter, so the regiments who were to punish the Mo set out first, arrested and beheaded the caitiff Tsou, and tranquillized and made secure the eastern frontiers.
捕斩虏驺，平定东域，虏知殄灭，在于漏刻。	捕获斩杀虏驺，平定东方地区，虏知的灭亡，就在顷刻之间。	The destruction and annihilation of the caitiff [Lüan-ti] Chih will come in a moment.
此乃天地群神、社稷、宗庙佑助之福，公卿、大夫、士民同心将率虓虎之力也。	这是天地众神、社稷、宗庙保佑的福分，是公卿、大夫、士民同心协力、将帅勇猛如虎的力量所致。	This [success] was a blessing through the aid and assistance of Heaven, Earth, the many gods, the gods of the soils and grains, and the [royal] ancestral temples, and through the power [coming from] the Ministers, Grandees, Officers, and common people being of the same mind and from the generals and lieutenants being [like] roaring tigers.
予甚嘉之。	我非常赞赏他们。	I approve most heartily of them.
其更名高句骊为下句骊，布告天下，令咸知焉。”	将高句骊改名为下句骊，布告天下，使大家都知道。”	Let the name of the Kao (high)-chü-li be changed to be Hsia (low)-chü-li, and let it be published to all the world in order that everyone shall know of it."
于是貉人愈犯边，东北与西南夷皆乱云。	于是貉人更加侵犯边境，东北和西南的外族都发生叛乱。	Thereupon the Mo people violated the borders all the more and the northeastern together with the southwestern barbarians were both in rebellion.
莽志方盛，以为四夷不足吞灭，专念稽古之事，复下书曰：“伏念予之皇始祖考虞帝，受终文祖，在璇玑玉衡以齐七政，遂类于上帝，禋于六宗，望秩于山川，遍于群神，巡狩五岳，群后四朝，敷奏以言，明试以功。	王莽意气正盛，认为四方外族不难吞灭，专心考虑复古之事，又下文告说：“我思念伟大的始祖虞帝，在文祖庙接受禅让，观察璇玑玉衡以整齐七政，于是类祭上帝，禋祭六宗，望祭山川，遍祭众神，巡视五岳，诸侯四朝，进言奏事，明确考察功绩。	[Wang] Mang's intentions were then grand, and he did not consider the barbarians of the four [quarters] worth destroying, but concentrated his mind on searching out ancient ways. He again issued a written message, which said, "I humbly think that my August Deceased First Ancestor, the Lord of Yü, [Shun], `received [Yao's] retirement [from the royal duties in the temple of] the Accomplished Ancestor,' and that he `examined the Fine Jade [Turning] Mechanism and the Jade Balance, in order that he might bring into accord the seven Governors.' Thereupon `he performed the sacrifice lei to the Lords on High, performed the sacrifice yin to his six exemplars, performed the sacrifice from a distance (wang) and arranged in order the mountains and streams, made a universal sacrifice (pien) to the many gods,' `made tours of inspection to' the five sacred peaks, and `held four courts for the various princes, at which they set forth and presented [matters] by word of mouth and were clearly tested by their deeds.'
“予之受命即真，到于建国五年，已五载矣。	“我接受天命即真皇帝位，到建国五年，已经五年了。	"[From the time that] I received the mandate [of Heaven] and ascended [the throne as] the actual [Emperor], down to the fifth year of [the period Shih]-chien-kuo, will be already five years.
阳九之厄既度，百霹之会已过。	阳九的灾难已经度过，百六的厄运已经过去。	The distresses of the nine dry years will have already been crossed and the [untoward] occurrences in 106 [years] will have already been passed.
岁在寿星，填在明堂，仓龙癸酉，德在中宫。	岁星在寿星宫，土星在明堂座，苍龙在癸酉，德运在中宫。	The year is in the constellation of the Birthday Star, Saturn is in the Hall of Light, the Azure Dragon is in the year of Kuei-yu, and virtue resides in the Central Palace.
观晋掌岁，龟策告从，其以此年二月建寅之节东巡狩，具礼仪调度。”	观察晋卦掌管年岁，龟策显示顺从，将在这年二月建寅时节东巡，准备礼仪调度。”	The I-Ching hexagram Chin (Progress) presides over the year, the tortoise and milfoil divinations have declared approval. Therefore, in the second month of this year, at the festival of establishing the Yin [calendar], I will make an eastern tour of inspection, with all the ritual ceremonies and arrangements."
群公奏请募吏民人马布帛绵，又请内郡国十二买马，发帛四十五万匹，输常安，前后毋相须。	众公卿上奏请求招募官吏百姓的人马布帛绵，又请求内地十二郡国买马，调发帛四十五万匹，运到常安，前后不要等待。	The various highest ministers memorialized begging that there should be solicited from the officials and common people, men, horses, linen cloth, silk cloth, and brocade. It was also begged that the twelve inner commanderies and kingdoms should buy horses and dispatch 450,000 rolls of silk, transporting them to Ch'ang-an. Those which were to be sent earlier and later were not to wait for each other.
至者过半，莽下书曰：“文母太后体不安，其且止待后。”	运到的超过一半，王莽下文告说：“文母太后身体不安，此事暂且停止，等待以后再办。”	When [only] more than half arrived, [Wang] Mang issued a written message which said, "Since the person of the Empress Dowager the Mother of Culture [nee Wang] is not in good health, let [the transportation] be temporarily stopped and await a future [order]."
是岁，改十一公号，以 “新” 为 “心”，后又改 “心” 为 “信”。	这一年，更改十一公的称号，把 “新” 字改为 “心” 字，后来又把 “心” 字改为 “信” 字。	In this year, [Wang Mang] changed the titles of the eleven highest ministers, [altering] hsin1 to be hsin2. Later he again changed hsin2 to be hsin4.
五年二月，文母皇太后崩，葬渭陵，与元帝合而沟绝之。	五年二月，文母皇太后去世，安葬在渭陵，与元帝合葬但用沟隔开。	In the fifth year, the second month, the Empress Dowager the Mother of Culture [nee Wang] died. She was buried in the Wei Tomb with [her husband], Emperor Yüan, but separated from him by a ditch.
立庙于长安，新室世世献祭。	在长安建立祠庙，新朝世代祭祀。	A temple for her was established at Ch'ang-an, at which the House of Hsin was from generation to generation to offer sacrifices,
元帝配食，坐于床下。	元帝配享，神位设在太后神位的床下。	which Emperor Yüan was [also] to partake as her spouse, seated below her couch.
葬为太倔服丧三年。	王莽为太后服丧三年。	[Wang] Mang wore mourning for the Empress Dowager [nee Wang] to the third year.
大司马孔永乞骸骨，赐安车驷马，以特进就朝位。	大司马孔永请求退休，赏赐安车驷马，以特进的身份参加朝会。	The Commander-in-chief, K'ung Yung, begged to retire, and he was granted a comfortable chariot with a quadriga of horses, and as [a person who ranked as] Specially Advanced, he took his place at court.
同风侯逯并为大司马。	同风侯逯并担任大司马。	the Marquis Unifying the Customs, Lu Ping, was made the Commander-in-chief.
是时，长安民闻莽欲都雒阳，不肯缮治室宅，或颇彻之。	这时，长安百姓听说王莽想要定都洛阳，不愿修缮房屋，有的还拆掉了不少。	At this time, the common people of Ch'ang-an heard that [Wang] Mang wanted to make his capital at Lo-yang, so they were unwilling to repair their residences, and some [people] partially demolished them.
莽曰：“玄龙石文曰‘定帝德，国雒阳’。	王莽说：“玄龙石上的文字说‘确定皇帝的德行，定都洛阳’。	[Wang] Mang said [in a message], "The inscription on the dark dragon stone said,`Fix the virtue of the emperor [as that of earth and locate] the capital at Lo-yang.'
符命著明，敢不钦奉！	符命明确，敢不恭敬奉行！	The portents clearly indicate this; how dare I not respectfully comply!
以始建国八年，岁缠星纪，在雒阳之都。	在始建国八年，岁星运行到星纪，定都洛阳。	In the eighth year of the period of Shih-chien-kuo, when the year is bound to the constellation of Hsing-chi, we will be in the capital of Lo-yang.
其谨缮修常安之都，勿令坏败。	要谨慎修缮常安都城，不要让它毁坏。	We must carefully repair the capital of Ch'ang-an and not allow it to fall into disrepair.
敢有犯者，辄以名闻，请其罪。”	敢有违犯的，立即上报姓名，治其罪。”	Anyone who dares to violate this order shall have his name reported immediately, and his crime shall be punished."
是岁，乌孙大小昆弥遣使贡献。	这一年，乌孙大小昆弥派遣使者进贡。	In this year, the Greater and Lesser K'un-mi of the Wu-sun sent envoys to offer tribute.
大昆弥者，中国外孙也。	大昆弥是中原的外孙。	The Greater K'un-mi was a grandson of a Chinese [princess] on the distaff side.
其胡妇子为小昆弥，而乌孙归附之。	他的胡人妻子所生的儿子为小昆弥，乌孙人归附他。	His son by a Hu wife became the Lesser K'un-mi, and the Wu-sun people submitted to him.
莽见匈奴诸边并侵，意欲得乌孙心，乃遣使者引小昆弥使置大昆弥使上。	王莽见匈奴等边境各族同时入侵，想要笼络乌孙的心，于是派使者引导小昆弥的使者，让他的位次在大昆弥使者之上。	Seeing that the Huns and other border tribes were all invading, Wang Mang wished to gain the favor of the Wu-sun. He therefore sent envoys to lead the envoy of the Lesser K'un-mi and place him above the envoy of the Greater K'un-mi.
保成师友祭酒满昌劾奏使者曰：“夷狄以中国有礼谊，故诎而服从。	保成师友祭酒满昌弹劾使者说：“夷狄因为中原讲究礼义，所以屈服服从。	The Libationer for the Masters and Companions [of the Heir-apparent] Guarantor of His Perfection, Man Ch'ang, memorialized, impeaching [Wang Mang's] commissioner, saying, "The barbarians submit to China because of its ritual propriety and righteousness.
大昆弥，君也。	大昆弥是君主。	The Greater K'un-mi is the ruler.
今序臣使于君使之上，非所以有夷狄也。	现在让臣下的使者位居君主的使者之上，不是用来对待夷狄的做法。	Now to place the envoy of a subject above the envoy of a ruler is not the way to treat barbarians.
奉使大不敬！”	使者大不敬！”	The commissioner has acted with great disrespect in carrying out his mission!"
莽怒，免昌官。	王莽发怒，免去满昌的官职。	[Wang] Mang became angry and dismissed [Man] Ch'ang from his office.
西域诸国以莽积失恩信，焉耆先畔，杀都护但钦。	西域各国因为王莽长期失去恩德信义，焉耆首先反叛，杀死都护但钦。	The various states of the Western [Frontier] Regions considered that [Wang] Mang had repeatedly broken [the ties of] grace and faithfulness. Karashahr (Yen-ch'i) revolted first, murdering the Protector-General [of the Western Frontier], Tan Ch'in.
十一月，彗星出，二十余日，不见。	十一月，彗星出现，二十多天后消失。	In the eleventh month, a comet appeared. In twenty-odd days it disappeared.
是岁，以犯挟铜炭者多，除其法。	这一年，因为犯私藏铜炭罪的人太多，废除了这项法令。	In this year, because those who violated [the law against] possessing copper and charcoal were too many, this law done away with.
明年改元曰 “天凤”。	第二年改年号为 “天凤”。	The next year, the era name was changed to T'ien-feng.
天凤元年正月，赦天下。	天凤元年正月，大赦天下。	In [the year-period] T'ien-feng, the first year, the first month, an amnesty [was granted] to the empire,
莽曰：“予之二月建寅之节行巡狩之礼，太官赍糒干肉，内者行张坐卧，所过毋得有所给。	王莽说：“我在二月建寅时节举行巡狩之礼，太官携带干粮干肉，内者令布置住处，所经过的地方不得供应物品。	and [Wang] Mang said [in a message], "In the second month, at the conjunction inaugurating the second astronomical month, I will perform the rites of a tour of inspection. The Grand Provisioner [will take care of] the dry provisions for traveling and the dried meat and the [Prefect of] the Flunkies [will take care of] the traveling curtains for my sitting and sleeping-[places, so that the localities] by which I pass will not be permitted to furnish anything.
予之东巡，必躬载耒，每县则耕，以劝东作。	我东巡时，一定要亲自携带耒，每到一县就耕种，以鼓励春耕。	When I tour eastwards, I must in person carry a plow, and every county shall thereupon plow, in order to encourage `the beginning [of the work of ploughing] at the eastern [season, spring].'
予之南巡，必躬载耨，每县则耨，以劝南伪。	我南巡时，一定要亲自携带耨，每到一县就除草，以鼓励夏季耕作。	When I tour southwards, I must in person carry a hoe, and every county shall thereupon weed, thereby encouraging `the development in the southern [season, summer].
予之西巡，必躬载铚，每县则获，以劝西成。	我西巡时，一定要亲自携带铚，每到一县就收割，以鼓励秋收。	When I tour westwards, I must in person carry a sickle, and every county shall thereupon reap, thereby encouraging `harvesting in the western [season, autumn].'
予之北巡，必躬载拂，每县则粟，以劝盖藏。	我北巡时，一定要亲自携带拂，每到一县就扬谷，以鼓励储藏。	When I tour northwards, I must in person carry a flail, and every county shall thereupon garner [their grain], thereby encouraging covering up and storing [the harvest].
毕北巡狩之礼，即于土中居雒阳之都焉。	完成北巡之礼后，就在全国中心的洛阳定都。	When I have completed the rites of the tour of inspection northwards, I will thereupon go to the center of the earth and dwell in the capital at Lo-yang.
敢有趋讠雚犯法，辄以军法从事。”	敢有奔跑喧哗违犯法令的，立即按军法处置。”	Anyone who dares to rush about making noise and violating the law shall be dealt with according to military law."
群公奏言：“皇帝至考，往年文母圣体不豫，躬亲供养，衣冠稀解。	众公卿上奏说：“皇帝最孝顺，往年文母圣体不安，亲自侍奉，很少脱衣安睡。	The various highest ministers memorialized, saying, "Your Majesty is most filial. In former years, when the sacred person of the Mother of Culture was unwell, you personally attended to her needs, rarely taking off your clothes or cap.
因遭弃群臣悲哀，颜色未复，饮食损少。	因遭太后去世，群臣悲哀，皇帝容颜尚未恢复，饮食减少。	Then, when she left her subjects [in death], you were deeply grieved, your complexion has not yet recovered, and your food and drink have been reduced.
今一岁四巡，道路万里，春秋尊，非糒干肉之所能堪。	现在一年四次巡狩，路程万里，年岁已高，不是干粮干肉所能承受的。	Now to make four tours in one year, covering ten thousand li, at your advanced age, is more than you can bear with only dry rations and dried meat.
且无巡狩，须阕大服，以安圣体，臣等尽力养牧兆民，奉称明诏。”	暂且不要巡狩，等待服丧期满，以安圣体，我们尽力养育万民，奉行英明诏令。”	It would be better to forgo the tour of inspection for the time being, until you have completed the full mourning period, to rest your sacred person. Your subjects will do their utmost to nurture and govern the people, and carry out your wise edicts."
莽曰：“群公、群牧、群司、诸侯、庶尹愿尽力相帅养牧兆民，欲以称予，繇此敬听，其勖之哉！	王莽说：“众公、州牧、众官、诸侯、庶尹愿意尽力相互率领养育万民，想要符合我的心意，因此听从你们的建议，要努力啊！	[Wang] Mang replied, "If the highest ministers, the [Provincial] Shepherds, the various officials, the nobles, and the district chiefs are willing to do their utmost to lead one another in nurturing and governing the people, and wish to satisfy me, I will respectfully listen to this. Strive for this!
毋食言焉。	不要食言。	Do not break your promise.
更以天凤七年，岁在大梁，仓龙庚辰，行巡狩之礼。	改在天凤七年，岁星在大梁，苍龙在庚辰，举行巡狩之礼。	Instead, in the seventh year of T'ien-feng, when the year is in Ta-liang and the Azure Dragon is in Keng-ch'en, I will perform the rites of the tour of inspection.
厥明年，岁在实沈，仓龙辛已，即土之中雒阳之都。”	第二年，岁星在实沈，苍龙在辛巳，定都全国中心的洛阳。”	In the following year, when the year is in Shih-ch'en and the Azure Dragon is in Hsin-ssu, I will take up residence in the capital of Lo-yang, the center of the earth."
乃遣太傅平晏、大司空王邑之雒阳，营相宅兆，图起宗庙、社稷、郊兆云。	于是派遣太傅平晏、大司空王邑前往洛阳，规划测量地基，图谋建立宗庙、社稷、郊祀的坛址。	He thereupon sent the Grand Tutor, P'ing Yen, and the Grand Minister of Works, Wang Yi, to Lo-yang to plan and select sites for the capital, and to map out the construction of ancestral temples, altars to the gods of soil and grain, and the pomeria for [the altars for] suburban sacrifices.
乃遣太傅平晏、大司空王邑之雒阳，营相宅兆，图起宗庙、社稷、郊兆云。	于是派遣太傅平晏、大司空王邑前往洛阳，规划测量地基，图谋建立宗庙、社稷、郊祀的坛址。	He thereupon sent the Grand Tutor, P'ing Yen, and the Grand Minister of Works, Wang Yi, to Lo-yang to plan and perform divination for [making] a map of the pomeria for [future] graves, and to build the [imperial] ancestral temple, the altars to the gods of the soils and grains, and the pomeria for [the altars for] suburban sacrifices.
三月壬申晦，日有食之。	三月壬申日是月末，出现日食。	In the third month, on [the day] jen-shen, the last day of the month, there was an eclipse of the sun,
大赦天下。	大赦天下。	and a general amnesty [was granted] to the empire.
策大司马逯并曰：“日食无光，干戈不戢，其上大司马印韨，就侯氏朝位。	下策书给大司马逯并说：“日食时没有光亮，战争没有停止，交上大司马的印信绶带，以侯爵身份参加朝会。	The document to the Commander-in-chief, Lu Ping, said, "The sun has been eclipsed so that it had no light, since the shields and spears had not been gathered in. Let the Commander-in-chief transmit to the emperor his seal and [ceremonial] apron [in token of his dismissal] and take the position of a marquis of a noble clan in the court.
太傅平晏勿领尚书事，省侍中、诸曹兼官者。	太傅平晏不再兼管尚书事务，裁减侍中、诸曹的兼官。	The Grand Tutor, P'ing Yen, shall not be Intendant of Affairs of the Masters of Writing. Let the Palace Attendants and Department Heads who concurrently hold other positions be dispensed with.
以？男苗为大司马。”	任命利苗男苗訢为大司马。”	Let Miao Hsin, an advantageous male, become the Commander-in-chief."
莽即真，尤备大臣，抑夺下权，朝臣有言其过失者，辄拔擢。	王莽正式即位后，特别防备大臣，压制剥夺下属权力，朝臣中有说他过失的，就加以提拔。	[Wang Mang] had taken the throne as actual [Emperor], he took special precautions against his great officials and restrained and took away the power of his subordinates. If a court official said anything about the faults of [the high officials, Wang Mang] each time promoted [the speaker].
孔仁、赵博、费兴等以敢击大臣，故见信任，择名官而居之。	孔仁、赵博、费兴等人因为敢于攻击大臣，所以被信任，被选任高官。	孔仁、赵博、费兴等因敢于抨击大臣，所以受到信任，被安置在重要官职上。
公卿入宫，吏有常数，太傅平晏从吏过例，掖门仆射苛差问不逊，戊曹士收系仆射。	公卿入宫，随从官吏有固定人数，太傅平晏的随从官吏超过规定，掖门仆射加以责问，态度不恭敬，戊曹士逮捕了仆射。	When the high ministers and grandees entered the palace, there was a fixed number of attendants allowed. When the Grand Tutor P'ing Yen's attendants exceeded the limit, the Captain of the Side Gate questioned him sharply and disrespectfully. A soldier of the Wu Section arrested and detained the Captain.
莽大怒，使执法发车骑数百围太傅府，捕士，即时死。	王莽大怒，派执法官调发车马数百辆包围太傅府，逮捕戊曹士，戊曹士当即死亡。	Wang Mang was furious, and sent officers of the law with several hundred carriages and cavalry to surround the Grand Tutor's residence, arrest the soldier, who died immediately.
大司空士夜过奉常亭，亭长苛之，告以官名，亭长醉曰：“宁有符传邪？”	大司空的属吏夜间经过奉常亭，亭长加以盘问，属吏告知官名，亭长醉酒说：“有符传吗？”	A retainer of the Grand Minister of Works passed by the Feng-ch'ang Pavilion at night. The Pavilion Chief questioned him roughly. When the retainer told him his official title, the intoxicated Pavilion Chief said, "Do you have a pass?"
士以马棰击亭长，亭长斩士，亡，郡县逐之。	属吏用马鞭打亭长，亭长斩杀属吏，逃亡，郡县追捕他。	The retainer struck the Pavilion Chief with a horse whip. The Pavilion Chief beheaded the retainer and fled. The commandery and county authorities pursued him.
家上书，莽曰：“亭长奉公，勿逐。”	亭长家人上书申诉，王莽说：“亭长奉公执法，不要追捕。”	His family sent a memorial to the throne. Wang Mang said, "The Pavilion Chief was acting in the public interest; do not pursue him."
大司空邑斥士以谢。	大司空王邑斥责属吏家属并谢罪。	The Grand Minister of Works, Wang Yi, reprimanded the retainer's family and apologized.
国将哀章颇不清，莽为选置和叔，敕曰：“非但保国将闺门，当保亲属在西州者。”	国将哀章行为很不端正，王莽为他选设和叔，告诫说：“不仅要保护国将的家室，还要保护他在西州的亲属。”	The State General, Ai Chang, was quite improper in conduct. Wang Mang selected and appointed a Harmonious Uncle for him, instructing, "You must not only protect the household of the State General, but also his relatives in the Western Provinces."
诸公皆轻贱，而章尤甚。	众公都被轻视，而哀章尤其严重。	All the high ministers were treated with contempt, but Ai Chang was treated with particular contempt.
四月，陨霜，杀草木，海濒尤甚。	四月，降霜，冻死草木，沿海地区尤其严重。	In the fourth month, frost fell, killing plants and trees, particularly severely along the seacoast.
六月，黄雾四塞。	六月，黄雾弥漫四方。	In the sixth month, a yellow fog filled the four quarters.
七月，大风拔树，飞北阙直城门屋瓦。	七月，大风拔起树木，吹飞北阙直城门的屋瓦。	In the seventh month, a great wind uprooted trees and blew off the roof tiles of the Northern Gate and the Chih-ch'eng Gate of the capital.
雨雹，杀牛羊。	降冰雹，打死牛羊。	Hail fell, killing cattle and sheep.
莽以《周官》、《王制》之文，置卒正、连率、大尹，职如太守；	王莽依照《周官》、《王制》的记载，设置卒正、连率、大尹，职责如同太守；	Wang Mang, based on the texts of the "Rites of Chou" and "Royal Regulations," established Commandant-Generals, Commander-Generals, and Grand Governors, whose duties were like those of Commandery Administrators.
属令、属长，职如都尉。	设置属令、属长，职责如同都尉。	He established Assistant Magistrates and Assistant Chiefs, whose duties were like those of Commandants.
置州牧、部监二十五人，见礼如三公。	设置州牧、部监二十五人，接见礼仪如同三公。	He established twenty-five Provincial Shepherds and Regional Inspectors, who were received with the same ceremonies as the Three Highest Ministers.
监位上大夫，各主五郡。	部监职位为上大夫，各主管五郡。	The Inspectors ranked as Upper Great Officers, each in charge of five commanderies.
公氏作牧，侯氏卒正，伯氏连率，子氏属令，男氏属长，皆世其官。	公爵担任州牧，侯爵担任卒正，伯爵担任连率，子爵担任属令，男爵担任属长，都世袭官职。	Dukes served as Shepherds, Marquises as Commandant-Generals, Earls as Commander-Generals, Viscounts as Assistant Magistrates, and Barons as Assistant Chiefs, all inheriting their offices.
其无爵者为尹。	没有爵位的人担任大尹。	Those without noble rank served as Grand Governors.
分长安城旁六乡，置帅各一人。	划分长安城郊为六乡，每乡设置乡帅一人。	He divided the suburbs of Ch'ang-an into six districts, each with a Commander.
分三辅为六尉郡，	划分三辅为六尉郡，	He divided the Three Adjuncts into six Commandant Commanderies.
河东、河内、弘农、河南、颍川、南阳为六队郡，	河东、河内、弘农、河南、颍川、南阳为六队郡，	He designated Ho-tung, Ho-nei, Hung-nung, Ho-nan, Ying-ch'uan, and Nan-yang as the Six Columns Commanderies.
置大夫，职如太守；	设置大夫，职责如同太守；	He established Great Officers, whose duties were like those of Commandery Administrators.
属正，职如都尉。	设置属正，职责如同都尉。	He established Assistant Directors, whose duties were like those of Commandants.
更名河南大尹曰保忠信卿。	改河南大尹为保忠信卿。	He renamed the Grand Governor of Ho-nan as the Loyal and Trustworthy Minister.
益河南属县满三十。	增加河南属县至三十个。	He increased the number of counties in Ho-nan to thirty.
置六郊州长各一人，人主五县。	设置六郊州长各一人，每人主管五县。	He established six Suburban District Chiefs, each in charge of five counties.
及它官名悉改。	其他官名全部更改。	He changed all other official titles.
大郡至分为五。	大郡甚至划分为五个。	Large commanderies were even divided into as many as five.
郡县以亭为名者三百六十，以应符命文也。	以亭为名称的郡县有三百六十个，以符合符命的文字。	Three hundred and sixty commanderies and counties were named after pavilions to correspond with the text of the portents.
缘边又置竟尉，以男为之。	边境又设置竟尉，由男爵担任。	He also established Border Commandants along the frontiers, served by Barons.
诸侯国闲田，为黜陟增减云。	诸侯国的空闲土地，用于升降爵位时增减封地。	The unassigned lands of the feudal states were used for increasing or decreasing fiefs according to promotions or demotions.
莽下书曰：“常安西都曰六乡，众县曰六尉。	王莽下文告说：“常安西都称为六乡，各县称为六尉。	Wang Mang issued a proclamation saying: "The Western Capital, Ch'ang-an, has six districts and its various counties are called the six Commanderies.
义阳东都曰六州，众县曰六队。	义阳东都称为六州，各县称为六队。	The Eastern Capital, I-yang, has six provinces and its various counties are called the six Columns.
粟米之内曰内郡，其外曰近郡。	纳粟米的地区称为内郡，以外的称为近郡。	The area within the grain-supplying region is called the Inner Commanderies, and beyond that is called the Nearby Commanderies.
有障徼者曰边郡。	有障塞哨所的称为边郡。	Those with frontier barriers and outposts are called Border Commanderies.
合百二十有五郡。	总共一百二十五郡。	Altogether there are one hundred and twenty-five commanderies.
九州之内，县二千二百有三。	九州之内，有二千二百零三县。	Within the nine provinces, there are two thousand two hundred and three counties.
公作甸服，是为惟城；	公爵的封地作为甸服，称为惟城；	The dukes serve as the royal domain, called the `Only City.'
诸在侯服，是为惟宁；	各侯的封地作为侯服，称为惟宁；	The various marquises serve as the noble domain, called the `Only Tranquility.'
在采、任诸侯，是为惟翰；	采地、任爵的诸侯，称为惟翰；	The feudal lords in the fiefs and assignments serve as the `Only Pillars.'
在宾服，是为惟屏；	宾服的诸侯，称为惟屏；	Those in the guest domain serve as the `Only Screens.'
在揆文教，奋武卫，是为惟垣；	负责推行文教、振奋武卫的，称为惟垣；	Those who administer culture and education and strive for military defense serve as the `Only Walls.'
在九州之外，是为惟藩：	九州之外的，称为惟藩：	Those beyond the nine provinces serve as the `Only Vassals.'
各以其方为称，总为万国焉。”	各按其方位称呼，总共为万国。”	Each is designated according to its direction, together forming the ten thousand states."
其后，岁复变更，一郡至五易名，而还复其故。	此后，每年又有变更，一郡甚至五次改名，然后又恢复原名。	Subsequently, changes were made annually, with some commanderies changing their names up to five times, then reverting to their original names.
吏民不能纪，每下诏书，辄系其故名，曰：“制诏陈留大尹、太尉：其以益岁以南付新平。	官吏百姓记不住，每次下诏书，总要附上原来的名称，说：“制诏陈留大尹、太尉：将益岁以南地区划归新平。	Officials and common people could not keep track of them. Every time an imperial edict was issued, the former name was appended, saying: "Imperial edict to the Grand Governor and Commandant of Chen-liu: Transfer the area south of Yi-sui to Hsin-p'ing.
新平，故淮阳。	新平，即原来的淮阳。	Hsin-p'ing is the former Huai-yang.
以雍丘以东付陈定。	将雍丘以东地区划归陈定。	Transfer the area east of Yung-ch'iu to Chen-ting.
陈定，故梁郡。	陈定，即原来的梁郡。	Chen-ting is the former Liang Commandery.
以封丘以东付治亭。	将封丘以东地区划归治亭。	Transfer the area east of Feng-ch'iu to Chih-ting.
治亭，故东郡。	治亭，即原来的东郡。	Chih-ting is the former Tung Commandery.
以陈留以西付祈隧。	将陈留以西地区划归祈隧。	Transfer the area west of Chen-liu to Ch'i-sui.
祈隧，故荥阳。	祈隧，即原来的荥阳。	Ch'i-sui is the former Hsing-yang.
陈留已无复有郡矣。	陈留已不再有郡了。	Chen-liu is no longer a commandery.
大尹、太尉，皆诣行在所。”	大尹、太尉，都到皇帝所在地。”	The Grand Governor and Commandant shall all proceed to the imperial presence."
其号令变易，皆此类也。	他的号令变更，都像这样。	His orders and changes were all of this nature.
今天下小学，戊子代甲子为六旬首。	现在天下的小学，以戊子代替甲子作为六十天的开端。	Now in the empire's elementary schools, wu-tzu replaces chia-tzu as the first day of the sixty-day cycle.
冠以戊子为元日，	加冠礼以戊子为吉日，	The capping ceremony uses wu-tzu as the first day.
昏以戊寅之旬为忌日。	婚礼以戊寅所在的十天为忌日。	Weddings consider the ten days including wu-yin as inauspicious.
百姓多不从者。	百姓多不依从。	Many common people did not comply.
匈奴单于知死，弟咸立为单于，求和亲。	匈奴单于囊知牙斯去世，弟弟咸立为单于，请求和亲。	The Hun Shan-yü, Chih, died, and his younger brother, Hsien, succeeded as Shan-yü, requesting peace and marriage alliance.
莽遣使者厚赂之，诈还许其侍子登，因购求陈良、终带等。	王莽派遣使者厚加贿赂，欺骗说将送还他的侍子登，趁机悬赏捉拿陈良、终带等人。	Wang Mang sent envoys with rich gifts, falsely promising to return his hostage son Teng, and thereby seeking the capture of Chen Liang, Chung Tai, and others.
单于即执良等付使者，槛车诣长安。	单于立即逮捕陈良等人交付使者，用囚车送到长安。	The Shan-yü immediately arrested Liang and the others and handed them over to the envoys, who brought them in cages to Ch'ang-an.
莽燔烧良等于城北，令吏民会观之。	王莽在城北烧死陈良等人，命令官吏百姓聚集观看。	Wang Mang had Liang and the others burned north of the city, ordering officials and common people to gather and watch.
缘边大饥，人相食。	边境发生大饥荒，人吃人。	There was a great famine along the borders, and people ate each other.
谏大夫如普行边兵，还言 “军士久屯塞苦，边郡无以相赡。	谏大夫如普巡视边境军队，回来报告说 “士兵长期驻守边塞劳苦，边郡无法供给。	The Grandee-remonstrant, Ju P'u, [was sent to] inspect the border troops and returned, saying, "The soldiers have encamped at the barriers for a long time and have suffered [because] the border commanderies have no means of furnishing supplies for them.
今单于新和，宜因是罢兵。”	现在单于刚刚和亲，应当趁此机会撤兵。”	Now that the Shan-yü has newly made peace, it would therefore be proper to dismiss the troops."
校尉韩威进曰：“以新室之威而吞胡虏，无异口中蚤虱。	校尉韩威进言说：“凭新朝的威力去吞并匈奴，如同吃掉口中的跳蚤虱子。	Colonel Han Wei came forward and said, "For the majesty of the Hsin House to swallow the northern barbarian (Hu) caitiffs is no harder than [to swallow such small things as] fleas or lice in one's mouth.
臣愿得勇敢之士五千人，不赍斗粮，饥食虏肉，渴饮其血，可以横行。”	我愿率领五千勇敢之士，不携带一斗粮食，饿了吃敌人的肉，渴了喝他们的血，可以纵横驰骋。”	Your servant wishes to take five thousand brave and daring gentlemen, and, without taking along a bushel of food, in hunger to eat the flesh of the caitiffs and in thirst to drink their blood, so that I shall be able to traverse [their territory freely."
莽壮其言，以威为将军。	王莽赞赏他的豪言，任命韩威为将军。	[Wang] Mang admired his words and made him the Majestically Acting General.
然采普言，征还诸将在边者。	但采纳了如普的建议，召回驻守边境的各将领。	But he adopted [Ju] P'u's words and summoned the various generals who were at the border to return,
免陈钦等十八人，又罢四关填都尉诸屯兵。	罢免陈钦等十八人，又撤销四关都尉的各路驻军。	dismissing Ch'en Ch'in and others, eighteen persons [in all]. He also abolished the various garrisons of soldiers [belonging to] the Chief Commandants posted at the four passes [to the imperial capital].
会匈奴使还，单于知侍子登前诛死，发兵寇边，莽复发军屯。	适逢匈奴使者返回，单于得知侍子登此前已被处死，便发兵侵犯边境，王莽又调军队驻守。	It happened that when the Hun envoy returned, the Shan-yü came to know that his son, [Lüan-ti] Teng, who had been an Attendant, had previously been executed, so he mobilized his troops and raided the borders, [hence Wang] Mang had again to mobilize the military garrisons.
于是边民流入内郡，为人奴婢，乃禁吏民敢挟边民者弃市。	于是边境百姓流入内地各郡，成为人家的奴婢，便下令官吏百姓敢有私藏边境百姓的处死刑。	Thereupon the people of the border wandered into the inner commanderies and became slaves and slave-women of those people. Then a prohibition was made, that if officials or common people should presume to possess people from the borders, they should be publicly executed.
益州蛮夷杀大尹程隆，三边尽反。	益州蛮夷杀死大尹程隆，三边都反叛了。	The barbarians in Yi-chou [Commandery] killed their Grand Governor, Ch'eng Lung, so that the whole of the three borders [to the province] were in rebellion.
遣平蛮将军冯茂将兵击之。	派遣平蛮将军冯茂率领军队攻打他们。	[Wang Mang] sent the General Tranquillizing the Southern Barbarians, Feng Mou, leading troops, to attack them.
宁始将军侯辅免，讲《易》祭酒戴参为宁始将军。	宁始将军侯辅免职，讲《易》祭酒戴参担任宁始将军。	The General of a Peaceful Beginning, Hou Fu, was dismissed, and the Libation Officer Expounding the Book of Changes, Tai Ts'an, was made the General of a Peaceful Beginning.
二年二月，置酒王路堂，公卿、大夫皆佐酒。	二年二月，在王路堂设酒筵，公卿、大夫都陪酒。	In the second year, the second month, a banquet was held in the Hall with the Royal Apartments, and all the ministers and grandees were present at the feast.
大赦天下。	大赦天下。	A general amnesty [was granted] to the empire.
是时，日中见星。	这时，中午出现星星。	At this time a star was visible at noon,
大司马苗左迁司命，以延德侯陈茂为大司马。	大司马苗訢降职为司命，任命延德侯陈茂为大司马。	and the Commander-in-chief, Miao Hsin, was transferred to a lower position to be Director of Mandates. The Marquis Extending Virtue, Ch'en Mou, was made the Commander-in-chief.
讹言黄龙堕死黄山宫中，百姓奔走往观者以万数。	谣传黄龙在黄山宫摔死，百姓奔跑前往观看的以万计。	[Some common people] falsely said that a yellow dragon had fallen down and died in the Huang-shan Palace, and [many] people hastily ran there. Those who went to see it numbered by the ten-thousands.
莽恶之，捕系问语所从起，不能得。	王莽厌恶这件事，逮捕审问谣言从何而起，没能找到根源。	[Wang] Mang hated it, and arrested and bound [some of those people], in order to ask whence this saying arose. He was not [however] able to trace [its source].
单于咸既和亲，求其子登尸，莽欲遣使送致，恐咸怨恨害使者，乃收前言当诛侍子者故将军陈钦，以他罪系狱。	单于咸已经和亲，请求归还他儿子登的尸体，王莽想派遣使者送去，担心咸怨恨杀害使者，便逮捕从前说应当处死侍子的原将军陈钦，以别的罪名关进监狱。	Since the Shan-yü, [Lüan-ti] Hsien, had made peace and an alliance by marriage [with the Chinese imperial house], he asked for the corpse of his son, [Lüan-ti] Teng. [Wang Mang] wanted to send envoys to bring it to him, [but] he feared that because of his grudge [Lüan-ti] Hsien would kill the envoys. So he arrested the former General [Repressing Difficulties], Ch'en Ch'in, who had previously said that [Wang Mang] ought to execute [Lüan-ti Teng,] the son [of the Shan-yü], in attendance [upon the Chinese Emperor], and had him bound in prison for another crime.
钦曰：“是欲以我为说于匈奴也。”遂自杀。	陈钦说：“这是想拿我向匈奴解释啊。”于是自杀。	[Ch'en] Ch'in said, "This [act is because Wang Mang] wants to use me to excuse [himself] to the Huns," and thereupon committed suicide.
莽选儒生能颛对者济南王咸为大使，五威将琅邪伏黯等为帅，使送登尸。	王莽挑选能独立应对的儒生济南人王咸为大使，五威将琅邪人伏黯等为副使，派遣他们送登的尸体。	Wang Mang selected [as envoys] Confucian masters who were "able to answer [questions] unassisted." Wang Hsien from Chi-nan [Commandery] was made the Chief Envoy and the General of the Five Majestic [Principles]; Fu Yen, [a man of] Lang-yeh Commandery], and others, were made Lieutenant Envoys to accompany the corpse of [Lüan-ti] Teng.
敕令掘单于知墓，棘鞭其尸。	命令掘开单于囊知牙斯的坟墓，用荆棘鞭挞他的尸体。	[Wang Mang] ordained that they were to dig up the tomb of the Shan-yü [Lüan-ti] Chih, and to whip his corpse with thorns.
又令匈奴却塞于漠北，责单于马万匹，牛三万头，羊十万头，及稍所略边民生口在者皆还之。	又命令匈奴退到漠北边塞，要求单于献马一万匹，牛三万头，羊十万头，以及逐渐归还所掠夺的边境百姓活着的人口。	He also ordered the Huns to withdraw their frontiers north of the [Gobi] Desert, and imposed as an indemnity upon the Shan-yü ten thousand head of horses, thirty thousand head of cattle, and a hundred thousand head of sheep. Moreover of the few people and livestock from the borders who had been kidnapped, insofar as they were still alive, [the Shan-yü] should return them all.
莽好为大言如此。	王莽喜好说大话就像这样。	[Wang] Mang loved to talk grandly, as in the foregoing [order].
咸到单于庭，陈莽威德，责单于背畔之罪，应敌从横，单于不能诎，遂致命而还之。	王咸到达单于王庭，陈述王莽的威德，谴责单于背叛的罪行，应对自如，单于不能驳倒他，于是传达命令归还所掠人口。	When [Wang] Hsien reached the court of the Shan-yü, he set forth [Wang] Mang's majestic virtue and reprimanded the Shan-yü for his crimes of rebellion. In his replies, [Wang Hsien] responded to his opponents in every way, so that the Shan-yü was not able to argue him down. Thereupon [Wang Hsien] carried out [Wang Mang's] mandate and brought back these [people and livestock].
入塞，咸病死，封其子为伯，伏黯等皆为子。	进入边塞，王咸病死，封他的儿子为伯，伏黯等人都为子。	When he entered through the barrier, [Wang] Hsien had been ill and died. [Wang Mang] enfeoffed his son as an earl. Fu Yen and the others were all made viscounts.
莽意以为制定则天下自平，故锐思于地理，制礼作乐，讲合《六经》之说。	王莽认为制度确定了天下自然太平，所以专心思考地理，制定礼乐，讲求符合《六经》的说法。	[Wang] Mang's notion was that if institutions were fixed, the empire would naturally become tranquil. Hence he thought in detail concerning geographical arrangements, the institution of rites, and the composition of music. In discussing the harmonization and matching of the explanations to the six Classics,
公卿旦入暮出，议论连年不决，不暇省狱讼冤结民之急务。	公卿从早到晚入宫，议论连年不能决断，没有时间处理诉讼冤案和百姓的紧急事务。	the ministers entered [his presence] at dawn and left at dusk. He discussed for successive years without coming to [final] decisions, so that he did not have leisure to examine law-cases, decide complaints of injustices, or to settle the urgent business of the common people,
县宰缺者，数年守兼，一切贪残日甚。	县令空缺的，几年由别人代理，各种贪赃残暴的行为日益严重。	and when there were vacancies among the rulers of the counties, [Wang Mang left] for several years [officials as] acting [magistrates or as magistrates] concurrently [holding other positions, with the result that] the covetousness and injuriousness of all [his officials] alike daily became greater.
中郎将、绣衣执法在郡国者，并乘权势，传相举奏。	在郡国的中郎将、绣衣执法，都凭借权势，互相举报弹劾。	The Generals of the Gentlemen-at-the-Palace and Administrators of the Laws Clad in Embroidered Garments who were in the commanderies and states all took advantage of their authority and opportunities, and in turn recommended each other in memorials.
又十一公士分布劝农桑，班时令，案诸章，冠盖相望，交错道路，召会吏民，逮捕证左，郡县赋敛，递相赇赂，白黑纷然，守阙告诉者多。	又有十一公士分布各地鼓励农桑，颁布时令，考察各种规章，使者往来不绝，在路上交错而行，召集官吏百姓，逮捕证人，郡县征收赋税，互相贿赂，是非混乱，守在宫阙前申诉的人很多。	Moreover when the Officers of the eleven highest ministers were dispersed to encourage agriculture and sericulture, to proclaim the ordinances for the [various] seasons, and to examine into various documentary matters, the [official] bonnets and [chariot] coverings of one [set of officials] could [almost] be seen by the succeeding [set], and they jostled one another on the roads. They would summon meetings of the officials and common people and arrest eye-witnesses. When the commanderies and counties [gathered] capitation-taxes, [these officials] exchanged bribes and presents, so that [even] white and black were confused and those who watched at the [palace] portals [to intercept] accusations were many.
莽自见前颛权以得汉政，故务自揽众事，有司受成苟免。	王莽自己看到从前专权从而得到汉朝政权，所以务必自己包揽各种事务，官吏接受既定的命令，只求免除罪责。	[Wang] Mang himself knew that he had previously usurped the [imperial] power, and had thereby obtained the government from the Han [dynasty], hence he took care to control the multitude of [government] affairs himself and when the high officials received [orders directing] the detailed disposition [of cases], they merely did enough to avoid [punishment].
诸宝物名、帑藏、钱谷官，皆宦者领之；	各种宝物、国库、钱粮等官职，都由宦官掌管；	The various offices [in charge of] the valuable objects, the famous treasuries, and the taxes were all in charge of eunuchs.
吏民上封事书，宦官左右开发，尚书不得知。	官吏百姓上密封奏章，由宦官在左右打开，尚书无从得知。	When officials or common people presented to the Emperor matters in sealed letters, the eunuchs serving in the palace offices or [members of the imperial] entourage broke the seals, so that the Masters of Writing did not get to know about them.
其畏备臣下如此。	他提防臣下就像这样。	Such were [Wang Mang's] fear of and precautions against his courtiers and subordinates.
又好变改制度，政令烦多，当奉行者，辄质问乃以从前，前后相乘，愦眊不渫。	又喜欢改变制度，政令繁多，应当奉行的，总要反复请示才照办，前后抵触，混乱不清。	He also loved to change and alter the institutions and regulations, so that the government ordinances were numerous, and those which needed to be put into practise had each time to be asked about, before anything could be done. When earlier and later [documents] succeeded each other, they became unclear, confused, and could not be cleared up.
莽常御灯火至明，犹不能胜。	王莽常常点灯到天亮，还不能处理完。	[Wang] Mang constantly employed the light of a lamp until daylight, but nevertheless he was not able to accomplish his work.
尚书因是为奸寝事，上书待报者连年不得去，拘系郡县者逢赦而后出，卫卒不交代三岁矣。	尚书借此舞弊，积压事务，上书等待批复的人连年不能离去，被郡县关押的人遇到大赦才得释放，卫兵三年没有轮换。	Taking advantage of this [circumstance], the Masters of Writing did evil and laid matters aside, so that those who had sent letters to the throne and awaited replies [at the Palace Portals] did not get to leave for successive years. Those who had been arrested and bound [in prison] in the commanderies or counties could only get out when it happened that there was an amnesty, and the soldiers of the [palace] guard were not changed even in the third year.
谷常贵，边兵二十余万人仰衣食，县官愁若。	粮食常常很贵，边境士兵二十多万人依赖官府供给衣食，县官愁苦。	Grain was constantly expensive. More than two hundred thousand border troops depended for their clothes and food upon the imperial government. They were discontented and bitter.
五原、代郡尤被其毒，起为盗贼，数千人为辈，转入旁郡。	五原、代郡尤其受害，人们起来做强盗，几千人一伙，转到邻近各郡。	Wu-yüan and Ta Commanderies suffered especially from them, [so that people in these commanderies] arose and became thieves and robbers, several thousand persons becoming a troop, turning around and entering the neighboring commanderies.
莽遣捕盗将军孔仁将兵与郡县合击，岁余乃定，边郡亦略将尽。	王莽派遣捕盗将军孔仁率领军队会同郡县联合进击，一年多才平定，边郡人口也差不多耗散光了。	[Wang Mang] sent the General Siezing Robbers, K'ung Jen, with troops, to join with the commandery and county [authorities] to attack [the robbers]. Only after more than a year were [the robbers] put down. The border commanderies were moreover almost on the point of being emptied [of people].
邯郸以北大雨雾，水出，深者数丈，流杀数千人。	邯郸以北降大暴雨和大雾，大水泛滥，深处有几丈，冲走淹死几千人。	North of Han-tan there was a great rain and fog, and the waters rose. The deepest [places] were several tens of feet [deep]. It carried away and killed several thousands of persons.
立国将军孙建死，司命赵闳为立国将军。	立国将军孙建去世，司命赵闳担任立国将军。	The General Establishing the State, Sun Chien, died, and the Director of Mandates [from the Five Majestic Principles], Chao Hung, became the General Establishing the State.
宁始将军戴参归故官，南城将军廉丹为宁始将军。	宁始将军戴参回任原职，南城将军廉丹担任宁始将军。	The General of a Peaceful Beginning, Tai Ts'an, was returned to his former office [of Libation Officer Expounding the Book of Changes], and the General of the Southern City Wall [of Ch'ang-an], Lien Tan, became the General of a Peaceful Beginning.
三年二月乙酉，地震，大雨雪，关东尤甚，深者一丈，竹柏或枯。	三年二月乙酉日，发生地震，下大雪，关东尤其严重，深的地方有一丈，竹子柏树有的枯死了。	In the third year, the second month, on [the day] yi-yu, there was an earthquake and a great fall of snow, which was especially severe east of the [Han-ku] Pass. The deepest [places] were ten feet [deep]. The bamboos and arbor vitae trees all withered.
大司空王邑上书言：“视事八年，功业不效，司空之职尤独废顿，至乃有地震之变。	大司空王邑上书说：“任职八年，没有功绩，司空的职责尤其废弛，以至发生地震。	The Grand Minister of Works, Wang Yi, presented a letter, saying, "I have overseen my affairs to the eighth year, and my efforts have not been successful. In my duties as [Grand] Minister of Works, I have [moreover] been more especially useless, so that recently there has even been the grievous vicissitude of an earthquake.
愿乞骸骨。”	希望请求退休。”	I wish to beg to retire."
莽曰：“夫地有动有震，震者有害，动者不害。	王莽说：“大地有动有震，震有害，动无害。	[Wang] Mang replied, "Verily, Earth has movements and has quakes. The quakes cause injury, [but] the movements do not cause injury.
《春秋》记地震，《易·系》“坤”动，动静辟胁，万物生焉。	《春秋》记载地震，《易经·系辞》说“坤”动，动静开合，万物生长。	The Spring and Autumn records earthquakes and the Book of Changes, in the "Great Appendix," [says] that [the hexagram] k'un, [representing Earth], moves. When [Earth] moves it opens, and when it rests, it closes, and [in this way] all things are brought to birth.
灾异之变，各有云为。	灾异的变化，各有不同的意义。	Each grievous vicissitude of visitation or prodigy has its message and action,
天地动威，以戒予躬，公何辜焉，而乞骸骨，非所以助予者也。	天地显示威严，用来警戒我，您有什么罪过，要请求退休，这不是帮助我的态度。	so Heaven and Earth move majestically in order to warn me. What crime have you, Duke, committed that you beg to retire? [This] is not the way to assist me.
使诸吏散骑司禄大卫脩宁男遵谕予意焉。”	派诸吏散骑司禄大卫脩宁男遵传达我的意思。”	I send the Inspector of Officials, Cavalryman Without Specified Appointment, Director of Emoluments, and Grand Guard, the Baron Cultivating Tranquillity, Tsun, to inform you of my will."
五月，莽下吏禄制度，曰：“予遭阳九之厄，百六之会，国用不足，民人骚动，自公卿以下，一月之禄十緵布二匹，或帛一匹。	五月，王莽下达官吏俸禄制度，说：“我遭遇阳九的灾难，百六的厄运，国家费用不足，百姓骚动，从公卿以下，一月的俸禄是十緵布二匹，或丝帛一匹。	In the fifth month, [Wang Mang] issued regulations for the salaries of officials, saying, "I have met with the distresses of the nine dry years and the [untoward] occurrences in the 106 [years. The revenues for] the expenses of the state have been insufficient, so that the common people are in disturbance. For the ministers and those of lower [ranks], the emolument for one month has been two rolls of 800-thread linen cloth or one roll of silk.
予每念之，未尝不戚焉。	我每次想到这件事，没有不忧愁的。	Every time I think of it, I never fail to be sad.
今厄会已度，府帑虽未能充，略颇稍给，其以六月朔庚寅始，赋吏禄皆如制度。”	现在灾难厄运已经度过，国库虽然还不充实，但略有供给，将从六月初一庚寅日开始，按照制度发给官吏俸禄。”	"Now that the distresses and [untoward] occurrences have already been overpassed, although the government treasuries have not yet been able to be filled, [yet] something can be taken out to supply [what is needed]. On the first day of the sixth month, [the day] keng-yin, let all the salaries of officials be for the first time distributed all according to the regulations.
四辅公、卿、大夫、士，下至舆僚，凡十五等。	四辅公、卿、大夫、士，下至舆僚，共十五等。	The four coadjutors, the ministers, the grandees, the officers, and on down to the lower officials [constitute] altogether fifteen grades.
僚禄一岁六十六斛，稍以差增，上至四辅而为万斛云。	僚的俸禄一年六十六斛，逐渐按等级增加，上至四辅是一万斛。	The salary of the lower officials for one year shall be 66 hu. [This amount] shall be gradually increased by steps up to [the rank of] the four Coadjutors, [for whom] it shall be made 10,000 hu."
莽又曰：	王莽又说：	Wang Mang also said,
“普天之下，莫非王土；率土之宾，莫非王臣。	“普天之下，没有不是帝王的土地；四海之内，没有不是帝王的臣民。	" `Under the vast Heaven
There can be nothing but the King's lands.
The dependents in all lands
Must not fail to be subjects of the King.'
盖以天下养焉。	因此由天下供养。	Verily [the King] `is nourished by all under Heaven.'
《周官》膳羞百有二十品。	《周官》记载膳食有一百二十种。	The Chou-li [says that] in the imperial cuisine, `one hundred and twenty kinds of meat dishes [are furnished].'
“诸侯岁贡，二岁一会，四岁一聘，贡新物；	“诸侯每年进贡，两年一会面，四年一聘问，进献新产物品；	"The nobles shall now each receive the income of their t'ung, kuo, or t'sê; princesses, baronesses, and vassals shall receive the income of their estates; ministers, grandees, and first officers shall receive the income of the territory allocated to them.
有常数，不宜有过。	有固定数目，不应超过。	There are regulations for all the differences in the amount of their [revenues].
吏民贡献，自占以其所有。	官吏百姓贡献，自行申报所拥有的物品。	When the harvests are abundant, the rites [regarding the amounts given them] shall be fully carried out; when there are visitations or disasters [to the crops, their revenues] shall be decreased, so that they shall suffer and rejoice along with the people.
请其献，欲以助祭，以致孝享，以求福祥，岁贡牺牲，以共上帝宗庙。	责令他们贡献，是想用来辅助祭祀，以尽孝敬，祈求福祥，每年进贡牺牲，以供给上帝宗庙。	Let it be that at the time when the [yearly] accounts [from the commanderies] are presented, [there shall be made] a general account for the empire. If there happily have been no visitations or disasters, the Grand Provisioner [shall provide] the complete number of imperial dishes. [But] if there have been visitations or disasters, the amount shall be calculated in percentages, and the dishes [at the imperial table] shall be reduced [proportionately]."
“东岳太师立国将军保东方三州一部二十五郡；	“东岳太师、立国将军担保东方三州一部二十五郡；	"[The Chief of] the Eastern [Sacred] Peak and Grand Master and the General Establishing the State shall act as guarantors for twenty-five commanderies of three provinces and one regional division in the eastern quarter;
南岳太傅前将军保南方二州一部二十五郡；	南岳太傅、前将军担保南方二州一部二十五郡；	[the Chief of] Southern Sacred Peak and Grand Tutor and the General of the Van shall act as guarantors for twenty-five commanderies of two provinces and one regional division in the southern quarter;
西岳国师宁始将军保西方一州二部二十五郡；	西岳国师、宁始将军担保西方一州二部二十五郡；	[the Chief of] the Western [Sacred] Peak and State Master and the General of a Peaceful Beginning shall act as guarantors for twenty-five commanderies of one province and two regional divisions in the western quarter;
北岳国将卫将军保北方二州一部二十五郡。	北岳国将、卫将军担保北方二州一部二十五郡。	[the Chief of] the Northern [Sacred] Peak and State General and the General of the Guard shall act as guarantors for twenty-five commanderies of two provinces and one regional division in the northern quarter.
大司马保纳卿、言卿、仕卿、作卿、京尉、扶尉，兆队、右队、中部左洎前七部；	大司马担保纳卿、言卿、仕卿、作卿、京尉、扶尉，兆队、右队、中部左及前七部；	The Commander-in-chief shall act a guarantor for ten commanderies in the eastern and southern [parts of] the central regional divisions [subject to] the Communicator and high minister, the Deciding Judge and high minister, the Capital Commandant [Grandee], the Sustainer Commandant [Grandee], the Metropole Neighboring Commandery, and the Western Neighboring Commandery.
大司徒保乐卿、典卿、宗卿、秩卿、翼尉、光尉、左队、前队、中部、右部，有五郡；	大司徒担保乐卿、典卿、宗卿、秩卿、翼尉、光尉、左队、前队、中部、右部，共五郡；	The Grand Minister over the Masses shall act as guarantor for five commanderies in the central regional divisions and western regional division [subject to] the Director of Music and high minister, the Arranger of the Ancestral Temples and high minister, the Supporter Commandant [Grandee], the Commandant of Splendor [Grandee], the Eastern Neighboring Commandery, and the Southern Neighboring Commandery.
大司空保予卿、虞卿、共卿、工卿、师尉、列尉、祈队、后队、中部洎后十郡；	大司空担保予卿、虞卿、共卿、工卿、师尉、列尉、祈队、后队、中部及后十郡；	The Grand Minister of Works shall act as guarantor for ten commanderies in the central regional divisions and northwards [subject to] the My Forester and high minister, the Provider of Works and high minister, the Master Commandant [Grandee], the Commandant of Magnificence [Grandee], the Imperial Domain Neighboring Commandery, and the Northern Neighboring Commandery.
及六司，六卿，皆随所属之公保其灾害，亦以十率多少而损其禄。	以及六司、六卿，都随所属的公担保其灾害，也按十分比多少而削减俸禄。	The directors and high ministers shall all join with the highest ministers to whom they are subordinate in acting as guarantors against visitations and disasters [in the regions for which] their [superiors act as guarantors].
If there have been calamities or injuries to the crops in the regions for which they act as guarantors, the amount shall also be calculated in percentages, and their salaries shall be reduced [proportionately].
郎、从官、中都官吏食禄都内之委者，以太官膳羞备损而为节。	郎、从官、中都官吏从都内仓库领取俸禄的，按太官膳食的多少作为调节。	Gentlemen, the Imperial Retinue, and officials of the imperial capital offices, who receive their salaries from the receipts within the [imperial] capitals, shall take the amount of the imperial dishes [provided by] the Grand Provisioner as the measure [for their salaries].
诸侯、辟、任、附城、群吏亦各保其灾害。	诸侯、辟、任、附城、群吏也各担保其灾害。	Nobles, princesses, baronesses, vassals, and minor officials shall also each act as guarantors against visitations and disasters [in] their [districts].
几上下同心，劝进农业，安元元焉。”	希望上下同心，鼓励农业，安定百姓。”	I hope that [thus] superiors and inferiors will be of the same mind and will encourage the advancement of agriculture and tranquillize the great multitude."
莽之制度烦碎如此，课计不可理，吏终不得禄，各因官职为奸，受取赇赂以自共给。	王莽的制度繁琐细碎如此，考核计算不清，官吏始终得不到俸禄，各自利用官职作奸，接受贿赂来供给自己。	[Wang Mang]'s regulations were as complicated and detailed as the foregoing.
The calculations of the taxes could not be made out, so that the officials did not eventually obtain any salaries. Each one took advantage of the duties of his office to do evil, receiving and exacting bribes and presents in order to support himself.
是月戊辰，长平馆西岸崩，邕泾水不流，毁而北行。	这个月戊辰日，长平馆西岸坍塌，堵塞泾水不流通，冲决向北流去。	In this month, on [the day] mou-ch'en, the western bank of the Ch'ang-p'ing Lodge collapsed, blocking up the Ching River, so that it could not run, was cut off, and flowed northwards.
遣大司空王邑行视，还奏状，群臣上寿，以为《河图》所谓 “以土填水”，匈奴灭亡之祥也。	派遣大司空王邑巡视，回来奏报情况，群臣祝贺，认为是《河图》所说的 “以土填水”，是匈奴灭亡的吉祥征兆。	[Wang Mang] sent the Grand Minister of Works, Wang Yi, to inspect it. When he returned and memorialized a description [of the occurrence], the courtiers offered congratulations, considering that it was what the Diagrams From the River had said, that earth pressing upon water is a happy auspice of the Huns being destroyed.
乃遣并州牧宋弘、游击都尉任萌等将兵击匈奴，至边止屯。	于是派遣并州牧宋弘、游击都尉任萌等率领军队攻打匈奴，到达边境驻扎。	[Wang Mang] thereupon sent the Shepherd of the Ping Province, Sung Hung, the Scouting and Attacking Chief Commandant, Jen Meng, and others, leading troops, to attack the Huns. They went to the border, and stopped to garrison it.
七月辛酉，霸城门灾，民间所谓青门也。	七月辛酉日，霸城门发生火灾，就是民间所说的青门。	In the seventh month, on [the day] hsin-yu, there was a visitation [of fire] to the Pa City-gate, which among the common people is called the Cerulean Gate,
戊子晦，日有食之。	戊子日是月末，出现日食。	and on [the day] mou-tzu, the last day of the month, there was an eclipse of the sun.
大赦天下，复令公卿、大夫、诸侯、二千石举四行各一人。	大赦天下，又命令公卿、大夫、诸侯、二千石级官吏各举荐有四行的一人。	A general amnesty [was granted] to the empire, and [Wang Mang] again ordered the ministers, grandees, nobles, and [officials ranking at] 2000 piculs each to recommend one person with the four [types of virtuous] conduct.
大司马陈茂以日食免，武建伯严尤为大司马。	大司马陈茂因日食被免职，武建伯严尤担任大司马。	The Commander-in-chief, Ch'en Mou, was dismissed because of the eclipse of the sun, and the Earl Establishing Military Power, Chuang Yu, was made the Commander-in-chief.
十月戊辰，王路朱鸟门鸣，昼夜不绝，崔发等曰：“虞帝辟四门，通四聪。	十月戊辰日，王路朱鸟门鸣叫，昼夜不停，崔发等人说：“虞帝打开四门，畅通四聪。	In the tenth month, on [the day] mou-hsü, the Vermillion Bird Gate to the Royal Apartments cried out for a day and night without ceasing. Ts'ui Fa and others said, "The Lord of Yü, [Shun],`opened the gates to the four [quarters] to hear with the ears in the four [quarters].'
门鸣者，明当修古先圣帝之礼，招四方之士也。”	门鸣叫，表明应当修治古代先圣帝王的礼仪，招纳四方之士。”	The crying out of the gate makes plain that you ought to cultivate the rites of the ancient sages in order to attract gentlemen from the four quarters."
于是令群臣皆贺，所举四行从朱鸟门入而对策焉。	于是命令群臣都祝贺，所举荐的有四行的人从朱鸟门进入回答策问。	Thereupon [Wang Mang] ordered that the courtiers should all felicitate him.
Those who were recommended for the four [types of virtuous] conduct entered by way of the Vermillion Bird Gate in order to take the examinations.
平蛮将军冯茂击句町，士卒疾疫，死者什六七，赋敛民财什取五，益州虚耗而不克，征还下狱死。	平蛮将军冯茂攻打句町，士兵感染瘟疫，死亡的有十分之六七，征收百姓财物十分取五，益州空虚消耗而没有攻克，被召回关进监狱死去。	The General Tranquillizing the Southern Barbarians, Feng Mou, had attacked Kou-t'ing, and six or seven-tenths of his soldiers had died from pestilence. As a levy for military purposes upon the common people's wealth he had taken five-tenths, so that the Yi Province was empty and waste, yet [the rebellious barbarians] were not vanquished. [Wang Mang] summoned him to return and sent him to prison, where he died.
更遣宁始将军廉丹与庸部牧史熊击句町，颇斩首，有胜。	又派遣宁始将军廉丹与庸部牧史熊攻打句町，斩杀了不少敌人，取得胜利。	In his place, [Wang Mang] sent the General of a Peaceful Beginning, Lien Tan, together with the [Provincial] Shepherd of Yung Regional Division, Shih Hsiung, to attack Kou-t'ing. When they had cut off a considerable [number of] heads and had had a victory,
莽征丹、熊，丹、熊愿益调度，必克乃还。	王莽征召廉丹、史熊，廉丹、史熊希望增加调度，一定要攻克才返回。	[Wang] Mang summoned [Lien] Tan and [Shih] Hsiung [to come to the capital. Lien] Tan and [Shih] Hsiung wanted [instead] to increase the taxes, [whereupon] they would be certain to conquer.
复大赋敛，就都大尹冯英不肯给，上言 “自越巂遂久仇牛、同亭邪豆之属反畔以来，积且十年，郡县距击不已。	又大肆征收赋税，就都大尹冯英不肯供给，上书说 “自从越巂遂久的仇牛、同亭的邪豆等人反叛以来，已经将近十年，郡县抗击不停。	Thereupon they returned and again made a great levy for military purposes. The Grand Governor of Chiu-tu [Commandery], Feng Ying, was not willing to furnish [anything], and sent [a memorial] to the throne, saying, "From the time that Chou Niu of Sui-chiu [county] and Hsieh-tou of T'ung Commune and the like in Yüeh-sui [Commandery] revolted, it has been almost the tenth year, in which [time] the commanderies and counties have been resisting the attacks of [the barbarians] without cessation.
续用冯茂，苟施一切之政。	接着任用冯茂，他随意施行各种临时政令。	When, in succession to [Ch'eng Lung], Feng Mou was employed, he temerariously put into practise a temporary policy.
僰道以南，山险高深，茂多驱众远居，费以亿计，吏士离毒气死者什七。	僰道以南，山势险峻深邃，冯茂多次驱赶百姓迁往远方居住，花费数以亿计，官吏士兵遭受毒气死亡的占十分之七。	Although south of P'o-tao the mountains are high and defiles are deep, [Feng] Mou many times expelled their bands from distant places, so that the expense has been counted by the hundred-thousands [of cash] and officers and soldiers have suffered from poisonous emanations, seven-tenths of them dying.
今丹、熊惧于自诡期会，调发诸郡兵、谷，复訾民取其十四，空破梁州，功终不遂。	现在廉丹、史熊害怕自己定下的期限，调发各郡的士兵、粮食，又评估百姓财产收取十分之四，使梁州空虚破败，最终不能成功。	"Now [Lien] Tan and [Shih] Hsiung are afraid that they themselves would be reprimanded [for not having completed their task] in the appointed time, and [seek to] levy and mobilize the troops and grain of the commandery, to re-appraise [the property of] the common people and take four-tenths of it. They have impoverished and ruined Liang Province, but their efforts will not eventually meet with success.
宜罢兵屯田，明设购赏。”	应当停止军事行动，驻军屯田，明确设立奖赏。”	It would be proper to dismiss the troops and garrison farms and openly offer rewards [for the rebels]."
莽怒，免英官。	王莽发怒，免去冯英的官职。	[Wang] Mang became angry and dismissed [Feng] Ying from his office.
后颇觉寤，曰：“英亦未可厚非。”	后来渐渐醒悟，说：“冯英也不能过分责备。”	[But] later he awakened considerably to [the truth] and said, "[Feng] Ying should not however be severely condemned,"
复以英为长沙连率。	又任命冯英为长沙连率。	and rewarded [Feng] Ying by making him the Leader of the Combination in Ch'ang-sha [Commandery].
翟义党王孙庆捕得，莽使太医、尚方与巧屠共刳剥之，量度五藏，以竹筵导其脉，知所终始，云可以治病。	翟义的党羽王孙庆被捕获，王莽派太医、尚方官和高明的屠夫一起解剖他，测量五脏，用竹枝贯通他的经脉，弄清来龙去脉，说这样可以治病。	Wang-sun Ch'ing, [who belonged to] the faction of Chai Yi, was arrested and secured, and [Wang] Mang sent the Grand Physician and the Master of Recipes, with a skilled butcher, all together to dissect and flay [Wang-sun Ch'ing], to measure and examine his five viscera, and to use fine bamboos to trace out his arteries, so as to find out their beginnings and ends, saying that [thereby] they would know how to cure illness.
是岁，遣大使五威将王骏、西域都护李崇将戊己校尉出西域，诸国皆郊迎贡献焉。	这一年，派遣大使五威将王骏、西域都护李崇率领戊己校尉出使西域，各国都到郊外迎接并进贡。	In this year, [Wang Mang] sent as the Chief Envoy, the General of the Five Majestic Principles, Wang Chün, with the Protector General of the Western Frontier Regions, Li Ch'ung, leading the Mou-and-Chi Colonel, [Kou Ch'in], to go out to the Western Frontier Regions. All the various states welcomed [the envoys] at their suburbs and offered tribute.
诸国前杀都护但钦，骏欲袭之，命佐帅何封、戊己校尉郭钦别将。	各国此前杀死都护但钦，王骏想袭击他们，命令佐帅何封、戊己校尉郭钦分兵行动。	The state of Karashahr (Yen-ch'i) had previously murdered the Protector General Tan Ch'in, so [Wang] Chün wanted to make a surprise attack upon it. He ordered his Associate Lieutenant, Ho Feng, and the Mou-and-Chi Colonel, Kuo Ch'in, to separate their commands [from his].
焉耆诈降，伏兵击骏等，旨死。	焉耆假装投降，埋伏军队袭击王骏等人，全部战死。	Karashahr (Yen-Ch'i) made a pretense of surrender, and ambushed troops, who attacked [Wang] Chün and the others, so that all [his company] died.
钦、封后到，袭击老弱，从车师还入塞。	郭钦、何封后到，袭击了老弱之人，从车师返回进入边塞。	[Kuo] Ch'in and [Ho] Feng reached [Karshahr shortly] after [Wang Chün had been killed, before the troops had returned], and made a surprise attack upon its aged and weak [people, massacring them]. They returned by way of Turfan (Chü-shih) and entered the [Chinese] barrier.
莽拜钦为填外将军，封劋胡子。	王莽任命郭钦为填外将军，封劋胡子。	[Wang] Mang installed [Kuo] Ch'in as the General Maintaining Order in Foreign Parts, and enfeoffed him as the Viscount Exterminating Northwestern Barbarians.
何封为集胡男。	何封为集胡男。	Ho Feng was made the Baron Quieting the Northwestern Barbarians.
西域自此绝。	西域从此与中原断绝往来。	From this time on, the Western Frontier Regions were cut off [from China].