文言文	现代汉语	English
武帝时，西域内属，有三十六国。	西汉武帝时，西域诸国内附，当时，西域有三十六国。	In the period of Emperor Wu, the Western Regions were under the control of the Interior. They numbered thirty-six kingdoms.
汉为置使者、校尉领护之。	汉廷为西域诸国设置专护使者、校尉，加以管护。	The Imperial Government established a Commandant of Imperial Envoys there to direct and protect these countries.
宣帝改曰都护。	在宣帝朝，宣帝把使者名称改为西域都护。	Emperor Xuan changed this title to Protector General.
元帝又置戊己二校尉，屯田于车师前王庭。	在元帝朝，元帝设置两名戊己校尉，戊己校尉屯驻在车师前王庭，负责屯田。	Emperor Yuan installed both a Mao and a Ji Commandant to take charge of the State Farms on the frontier of the king of Nearer Jushi.
哀、平间，自相分割，为五十五国。	在哀帝、平帝年间，西域诸国分裂为五十五国。	During the time of Emperor Ai and Emperor Ping, the principalities of the Western Regions split up and formed fifty-five kingdoms.
王莽篡位，贬易侯王，由是西域怨叛，与中国遂绝，并复役属匈奴。	王莽篡位，贬西域诸国“王”为“侯”，肆意惩治，致使西域诸国怨恨，相继反叛，与中原断绝联系，有些依附于匈奴，受匈奴役使。	Wang Mang, after he usurped the Throne, demoted their kings to marquesses. Following this, the Western Regions became resentful, and rebelled. They, therefore, broke off all relations with the Middle Kingdom and, all together, submitted to the Xiongnu again.
匈奴敛税重刻，诸国不堪命。	匈奴对西域诸国赋敛沉重，对待人民刻薄寡恩，西域诸国不堪忍受。	The Xiongnu collected oppressively heavy taxes. The kingdoms were not able to support their demands.
建武中，皆遣使求内属，愿请都护。	建武年间，西域诸国派遣使者，向汉廷请求内附，恳请朝廷重新派出都护。	In the middle of the jianwu period, they each sent envoys to ask if they could submit to the Middle Kingdom, and to express their desire for a Protector General.
光武以天下初定，未遑外事，竟不许之。	世祖考虑到天下刚刚安定，未遑顾及外事，没有答应西域诸国的请求。	Emperor Guangwu, deciding that they had not really come for the sake of the security of the Empire, and that he had no time for outside affairs, flatly refused his consent.
会匈奴衰弱，莎车王贤诛灭诸国。	恰逢匈奴再次衰落，莎车王贤在西域肆虐，灭掉几个国家。	In the meantime, the Xiongnu became weaker. The king of Suoche, named Xian, wiped out several kingdoms.
贤死之后，遂更相攻伐。	莎车王贤死后，西域诸国相互攻伐。	After Xian’s death, they began to attack and fight each other.
小宛、精绝、戎庐、且末为鄯善所并。	小宛国、精绝国、戎庐国、且末国相继被鄯善国吞并。	Xiao Yuan, Jingjue, Ronglu, and Qiemo were annexed by Shanshan.
渠勒、皮山为于窴所统，悉有其地。	渠勒国、皮山国被于阗国控制，于阗霸占他们的土地。	Qule and Pishan were conquered by Yutian, which completely occupied them.
郁立、单桓、孤胡、乌贪訾离为车师所灭。	郁立国、单桓国、孤胡国、乌贪訾离国，被车师灭亡。	Yuli, Danhuan, Guhu, and Wutanzili were wiped out by Jushi.
后其国并复立。	后来，有些国家又复国。	Later these kingdoms were re-established.
永平中，北虏乃胁诸国共寇河西郡县，城门昼闭。	明帝永平年间，北匈奴胁迫西域诸国，共同寇掠河西郡县，致使河西走廊，不得不白昼关闭城门。	During the yongping period, the Northern Savages forced several countries to help them plunder the commanderies and districts of Hexi. The gates of the towns stayed shut in broad daylight.
十六年，明帝乃命将帅北征匈奴，取伊吾卢地，置宜禾都尉以屯田，遂通西域。	永平十六年，明帝诏令汉军出塞，北伐匈奴，攻取伊吾卢，在此设置宜禾都尉，在西域恢复屯田，重新打通西域交通。	In the sixteenth year, Emperor Ming ordered his generals to lead an expedition north against the Xiongnu. They took the territory of Yiwulu and established a Commandant in Charge of Crops there to set up a State Farm. Communications with the Western Regions followed these events.
于窴诸国皆遣子入侍。	于阗等诸国派王子到京师侍奉皇帝。	Yutian and the other kingdoms all sent sons to serve the Emperor.
西域自绝六十五载，乃复通焉。	西域诸国与汉廷断绝联系六十五年后，又恢复联系。	Relations with the Western Regions had been cut for sixty-five years before they were restored.
明年，始置都护、戊己校尉。	第二年，明帝在西域始置都护、戊己校尉。	A Protector General and Mao and Ji Commandants were established in the following year.
及明帝崩，焉耆、龟兹攻没都护陈睦，悉覆其众，匈奴、车师围戊己校尉。	明帝驾崩，焉耆、龟兹攻打西域都护陈睦，驻守在都护府的汉军，全军覆没。匈奴、车师包围戊己校尉。	When Emperor Ming died, Yanqi and Qiuci attacked and killed the Protector General Chen Mu and all who were with him. The Xiongnu and Jushi besieged the Mao and Ji Commandants.
建初元年春，酒泉太守段彭大破车师于交河城。	章帝建初元年春天，酒泉郡太守段彭在交河城大败车师王。	In the spring of the first jianchu year, the Governor of Jiuquan, Duan Peng, soundly defeated Jushi near the town of Jiaohe.
章帝不欲疲敝中国以事夷狄，乃迎还戊己校尉，不复遣都护。	章帝不想因为西域戎狄之事疲敝中原，派兵接回戊己校尉。此后，汉廷不再向西域派出都护。	Emperor Zhang, not wishing to exhaust and ruin the Middle Kingdom in the affairs of the Yi and Di, sent for the Mao and Ji Commandants to return, and did not appoint another Protector General.
二年，复罢屯田伊吾，匈奴因遣兵守伊吾地。	建初二年，朝廷撤回在伊吾屯田的汉军，北匈奴随后派兵，占领伊吾。	In the second year, he abolished the State Farms at Yiwu. After that, the Xiongnu sent soldiers to supervise Yiwu.
时军司马班超留于窴，绥集诸国。	当时，军司马班超依然留在于阗，安抚西域诸国。	At the same time Division Commander Ban Chao stayed at Yutian, pacifying and reuniting all the kingdoms.
和帝永元元年，大将军窦宪大破匈奴。	和帝永元元年，大将军窦宪摧毁北匈奴。	In the first yongyuan year, during the reign of Emperor He, the General-in-Chief Dou Xian had a great victory over the Xiongnu.
二年，宪因遣副校尉阎槃将二千余骑掩击伊吾，破之。	永元二年，窦宪派遣副校尉阎盘，率领两千骑兵，掩杀驻守在伊吾的北匈奴。	In the second year, Dou Xian sent Deputy Commandant Yan Pan, at the head of more than 2,000 cavalry, on a surprise attack against Yiwu, which he conquered.
三年，班超遂定西域，因以超为都护，居龟兹。	永元三年，班超趁势平定西域诸国，和帝诏命班超继任西域都护，西域都护府改设在龟兹。	In the third year, Ban Chao finally succeeded in pacifying the Western Regions. Ban Chao was then given the title of Protector General and stationed at Qiuci.
复置戊己校尉，领兵五百人，居车师前部高昌壁。	恢复戊己校尉，领兵五百人，驻守在车师前部高昌，汉军修筑壁垒。	The Mao and Ji Commandants were re-established and, commanding five hundred soldiers, were stationed with the Nearer Jushi tribe within the walls of Gaochang.
又置戊部候，居车师后部候城，相去五百里。	和帝又设置戊部候，驻扎在车师后部候城，两地相距五百里。	In addition, a Mao Troop Captain was established and stationed with the Further Jushi. The Captain was 500 li from the town of Gaochang.
六年，班超复击破焉耆，于是五十余国悉纳质内属。	永元六年，班超率兵攻破焉耆。之后，西域五十余国派人质到京师侍奉皇帝，内附汉朝。	In the sixth year, Ban Chao again attacked and defeated Yanqi. Following this, more than fifty kingdoms presented hostages, and submitted to the Empire.
其条支、安息诸国至于海濒四万里外，皆重译贡献。	条支国、安息国位于海滨，距离洛阳四万里，也通过多重翻译，前来洛阳贡献财物。	The kingdoms such as Tiaozhi, Anxi, and all the kingdoms as far as the shores of the sea more than 40,000 li away, all offered tribute, using several successive interpreters to communicate.
九年，班超遣掾甘英穷临西海而还。	永元九年，班超派遣都护府掾史甘英西行，直抵西海。	In the ninth year, Ban Chao sent his Subaltern Gan Ying, who probed as far as the Western Sea, and then returned.
皆前世所不至，《山经》所未详，莫不备其风土，传其珍怪焉。	甘英所经过的国家，皆为前代从未到过的地方，《山海经》也从未有所记载。甘英将沿途的风土人情，详细记录，带回许多奇珍异物。	Previous generations never reached these regions. The Shanjing gives no details on them. No doubt he prepared a report on their customs and investigated their precious and unusual products.
于是远国蒙奇、兜勒皆来归服，遣使贡献。	远方异国如蒙奇国、兜勒国，派使者前来朝贡，与汉朝通使，表示愿意向心归服。	After this, distant kingdoms such as Mengqi and Doule all came to submit, and sent envoys offering tribute.
及孝和晏驾，西域背畔。	及至和帝驾崩，西域诸国又相继叛离。	Following the death of Emperor Xiaohe, the Western Regions rebelled.
安帝永初元年，频攻围都护任尚、段禧等，朝廷以其险远，难相应赴，诏罢都护。	安帝永初元年，西域诸国围攻西域都护任尚、段禧等。朝廷考虑到路途遥远、艰险，难以相救，安帝下诏，撤销西域都护。	In the first yongchu year, of the reign of Emperor An, the Protectors General Ren Shang and Duan Xi, and others, were surrounded and attacked several times. The Imperial Government proclaimed that the post of Protector General should be abolished because these regions were remote, difficult, and dangerous to reach.
自此遂弃西域。	从此以后，汉朝放弃西域。	From this time, therefore, the Western Regions were abandoned.
北匈奴即复收属诸国，共为边寇十余岁。	北匈奴乘机控制西域，以此为基地，寇掠汉朝边郡十余年。	The Northern Xiongnu immediately took control and united all the kingdoms again. They raided the frontier with their cooperation, for more than ten years.
敦煌太守曹宗患其暴害，元初六年，乃上遣行长史索班，将千余人屯依吾，以招抚之。	敦煌郡太守曹宗深受其害。安帝元初六年，曹宗上奏朝廷，派遣郡府代理长史索班，率领一千余汉军屯驻在伊吾，招抚西域诸国。	The Governor of Dunhuang, Cao Zong, was concerned about their violence and killings. Then, in the sixth yuanchu year, the Emperor sent the Acting Aide Suo Ban to take more than a thousand men with him to garrison and pacify Yiwu.
于是车师前王及鄯善王来降。	之后，车师前王、鄯善王投降汉军。	After this, the king of Nearer Jushi and the king of Shanshan came to submit.
数月，北匈奴复率车师后部王共攻没班等，遂击走其前王。	几个月后，北匈奴率领车师后王，攻打索班，赶走车师前王。	Several months later the Northern Xiongnu resumed control over the king of the tribe of Further Jushi. Together they attacked and killed Suo Ban and others. Then they attacked the king of the Nearer Jushi, forcing him to flee.
鄯善逼急，求救于曹宗。	鄯善顿感危机，向敦煌郡太守曹宗求救。	Shanshan sent an urgent request to Cao Zong for assistance.
宗因此请出兵击匈奴，报索班之耻，复欲进取西域。	曹宗奏请朝廷，出兵迎击匈奴，为索班报仇，重新夺回西域。	Cao Zong therefore requested that troops be sent to attack the Xiongnu, and avenge the outrage against Suo Ban. He wanted to keep forging ahead again in the Western Regions.
邓太后不许，但令置护西域副校尉，居敦煌，复部营兵三百人，羁縻而已。	邓太后没有准奏，诏令重新设置西域都护、西域副校尉，暂驻扎在敦煌郡，设置营兵三百，对西域采取羁縻政策。	However, the Dowager Empress Deng did not give her consent. She merely ordered the establishment of a Lieutenant Colonel at Dunhuang to protect the Western Regions. A camp of three hundred soldiers was re-established to keep them under control, and they then ended their rampages.
其后北虏连与车师入寇河西，朝廷不能禁，议者因欲闭玉门、阳关，以绝其患。	再后来，北匈奴与车师入侵河西走廊，汉军不能制止。朝臣在廷议时，建议关闭玉门关、阳关，以防止边患蔓延。	Later, the Northern Savages joined with the Jushi to invade Hexi. The Imperial Government was unable to prevent it. After discussions, it was decided to shut the Yumen and Yang frontier-passes to prevent disasters.
延光二年，敦煌太守张珰上书陈三策，以为“北虏呼衍王常展转蒲类、秦海之间，专制西域，共为寇抄。”	安帝延光二年，敦煌郡太守张珰上书，力陈安边三策，张珰认为：“北匈奴呼衍王常在蒲类海、秦海活动，专心于制服西域，胁迫诸国寇掠汉朝边郡。”	In the second yanguang year, the Governor of Dunhuang, Zhang Dang presented a report setting out three plans: “I believe that the king of the Huyan clan of the Northern Savages frequently circulates on inspection between Pulei and Lake Qin. He has imposed his rule on the Western Regions and united them to raid and pillage.”
今以酒泉属国吏士二千余人集昆仑塞，先击呼衍王，绝其根本，因发鄯善兵五千人胁车师后部，此上计也。	朝廷应该派出酒泉郡属国将士二千人，镇守昆仑塞，打击呼衍王，从根本上解决北匈奴。还要向鄯善国征调军队五千人，威胁车师后部，此乃上策。	We should assemble more than 2,000 officers and soldiers taken from Jiuquan and its dependent kingdoms at the Gunlun frontier-pass. They should immediately attack the Huyan clan’s king, and cut him off from his base. Therefore, 5,000 soldiers should be sent from Shanshan to restrain the tribe of Further Jushi. This is the best plan.
若不能出兵，可置军司马，将士五百人，四郡供其梨牛、谷食，出据柳中，此中计也。	如果朝廷不能出兵，可以设置西域军司马，率领五百汉军，西部四郡为其供应军饷、粮草、耕牛，汉军占领柳中，此乃中策。	If we cannot send an army, a Division Commander with five hundred officers and men supplied with farm draft cattle, grain, and provisions by the four commanderies of Hexi, should occupy Liuzhong. This is the middle-ranking plan.
如又不能，则宜弃交河城，收鄯善等悉使入塞，此下计也。”	如果连这也做不到，只有放弃交河，将鄯善等西域诸国臣民，迁入塞内，此乃下策。”	If even that can’t be done, then the town of Jiaohe must be abandoned, and the people of Shanshan, and other places, be gathered together and taken within the Barrier. This is the worst plan.”
朝廷下其议。	朝廷将张珰的奏议交予朝臣讨论。	The Imperial Government put this project under consideration.
尚书陈忠上疏曰：	尚书陈忠上疏谏言：	The Imperial Secretary Chen Zhong presented a memorial to the Emperor saying:
臣闻八蛮之寇，莫甚北虏。	自古以来，八方蛮夷对汉朝的威胁，莫过于匈奴。	Your subject has heard that, of all the ravages committed by the eight groups of southern barbarians, none are as bad as those of the Northern Savages.
汉兴，高祖窘平城之围，太宗屈供奉之耻。	汉建国初，高祖在平城遭遇匈奴围困，文帝含垢忍辱，向单于送上厚礼，谋求边境安宁。	When the Han came to power, Gaozu was surrounded at Pingcheng, and put in great danger. Taizong was forced to submit to the humiliation of presenting tribute.
故孝武愤怒，深惟久长之计，命遣虎臣，浮河绝漠，穷破虏庭。	在武帝朝，武帝奋起武威，为后代子孙，为国家长治久安，派遣骁勇善战的将军，渡过黄河，跨越戈壁，追亡逐北，终于踏破匈奴王庭。	Emperor Xiaowu was indignant about this. He thought deeply to work out long-term strategies. He sent brave soldiers to navigate the Yellow River, and go right across the deserts, to destroy the Savages’ court.
当斯之役，黔首陨于狼望之北，财币縻于卢山之壑，府库单竭，杼柚空虚，算至舟车，赀及六畜。	在征伐匈奴的战争中，有多少军人殒命于狼望之北，战争耗费的军饷，可以填满庐山深渊。长期征战，致使国库空虚，百姓疲惫，朝廷不得不再向百姓征收财产税，赋税殃及商人舟车，百姓的六畜。	During this expedition, the Black Heads fell to the north of Langwang and treasure was destroyed in the ravines of Lu Mountain. The treasury was exhausted. The shuttles and reeds of the looms were empty. Measures were taken to tax boats and wagons, and even the six types of domestic animals.
夫岂不怀，虑久故也。	武帝难道不爱惜百姓？实在是为了国家的长远利益考虑，不得已而为之。	However, through these long-term strategies the Emperor managed to achieve lasting peace.
遂开河西四郡，以隔绝南羌，收三十六国，断匈奴右臂。	此后，武帝在黄河以西匈奴故地开辟四郡，隔断匈奴与西羌的联系；凿通西域，收复三十六国，以断绝匈奴伸向西域的右臂。	Then he opened the four commanderies west of the Yellow River which cut off the Southern Qiang, and gathered in the thirty-six kingdoms of the Western Regions, cutting off the right arm of the Xiongnu.
是以单于孤特，鼠窜远藏。	致使匈奴单于孤立无援，狼奔豕突，远遁于荒漠戈壁以北。	The Chanyu had to scurry far away alone like a frightened rat.
至于宣、元之世，遂备蕃臣，关徼不闭，羽檄不行。	在宣帝、元帝朝，呼韩邪单于向朝廷俯首称臣，自愿做北部蕃国。从此以后，汉朝沿边关塞不再关闭，传递警讯的羽檄不再奔走于途中。	Then, during the reigns of Emperors Xuan and Yuan, China was successfully protected against the Fan vassals, the frontier-posts were not shut, and urgent war summons no longer circulated.
由此察之，戎狄可以威服，难以化狎。	由此来看，戎狄只可以威服，难以用教化劝其向善。	Examination of these facts shows that the Rong and Di can be subdued by force, but it is difficult to transform them.
西域内附日久，区区东望扣关者数矣，此其不乐匈奴慕汉之效也。	从武帝朝以后，西域内附，西域商人东望中原，扣关前来贸易者，往来不绝。这也说明，西域人不愿意臣服于匈奴，内心依然仰慕汉朝德义。	The Western Regions have, in the course of time, come to make their submission. Humbly, they are looking to the east, knocking on our frontier gates until they shake. They do not like the Xiongnu and they admire and imitate the Han.
今北虏已破车师，势必南攻鄯善，弃而不救，则诸国从矣。	如今，北匈奴攻破车师，势必南下攻打鄯善，如果朝廷不救，西域诸国不得不再次遭受匈奴蹂躏。	Now, the Northern Savages have already defeated Jushi. They will inevitably head south to attack Shanshan. If we abandon the latter without help, all the kingdoms will follow them.
若然，则虏财贿益增，胆势益殖，威临南羌，与之交连。	一旦匈奴得势，财力壮大，军力增强，匈奴将会威逼西羌，与羌人共同寇掠边境。	If that happens, the wealth of the Savages will increase; their audacity and strength will be multiplied; their fearful reputation will cause the Southern Qiang to join them.
如此，河西四郡危矣。	河西四郡将会陷入危险。	Then the four commanderies to the west of the Yellow River will definitely be endangered.
河西既危，不得不救，则百倍之役兴，不訾之费发矣。	河西陷入危险，朝廷将不得不救，到那时，又会兴起百倍徭役，所花费的军饷，将会难以计数。	Now, when the area west of the Yellow River is endangered; it will be very difficult to assist them. Expeditions will therefore increase a hundredfold and there will not be enough funds to pay for them.
议者但念西域绝远，恤之烦费，不见先世苦心勤劳之意也。	廷议者只考虑西域遥远，抚恤西域，花费巨大，却没有想到先帝劳心苦意，为征服匈奴所做出的努力。	In the discussions, only the extreme remoteness of the Western Regions and the numerous expenses involved have been considered. There has been no notice taken of the suggestions of earlier generations to follow their hearts and work hard.
方今边境守御之具不精，内郡武卫之备不修，敦煌孤危，远来告急。	如今，边境守备的武器不精，内地州郡的武备，长期没有整饬。敦煌已经陷于困境，远道前来告急。	In addition, the frontier regions are currently not very well prepared to guard and defend themselves. In the interior commanderies military preparations have not been made. Dunhuang is isolated and in danger. It is a long way to send for help.
复不辅助。内无以慰劳吏民，外无以威示百蛮。	如果朝廷不能断然采取措施，对内何以安抚吏民，对外何以威慑百蛮。	If we do not help them, there will be nothing to console the officials and people of the interior. In the external regions, we will be unable to make a show of our might before the many barbarian tribes.
蹙国减土，经有明诫。	“蹙国减土”，《诗经》有明训，不可不察。	The Classics clearly forbid advocating the reduction of the Empire.
臣以为敦煌宜置校尉，案旧增四郡屯兵，以西抚诸国。	臣以为，朝廷应该在敦煌设置校尉，按照旧例，为四郡增加兵力，实施屯田，以镇抚西域诸国。	I, your humble servant, am of the opinion that we ought to install a Commandant at Dunhuang, as they did in former times, to reinforce the military colonies in the four commanderies west of the Yellow River and, by this means, to control all the kingdoms to the west.
庶足折冲万里，震怖匈奴。	这样才能折冲万里，威慑匈奴。	so as to smash the enemy’s offensive over 10,000 li, and terrorize the Xiongnu.
帝纳之，乃以班勇为西域长史，将驰刑士五百人，西屯柳中。	安帝采纳陈忠的谏言，任命班勇（注：班超的儿子）为西域长史，率领刑徒组成的五百汉军，屯驻在西域柳中。	The Emperor accepted this advice. He then gave the title of Aide of the Western Regions to Ban Yong so that he could lead five hundred freed convicts west to garrison Liuzhong.
勇遂破平车师。	此后，班勇攻破车师。	(Ban) Yong then conquered and pacified Jushi.
自建武至于延光，西域三绝三通。	从建武以来到安帝延光年间，西域三次断绝与汉朝的联系，朝廷三次恢复对西域的控制。	From the jianwu period to the yanguang period, communications with the Western Regions were cut three times, and then restored.
顺帝永建二年，勇复击降焉耆。	顺帝永建二年，班勇降伏焉耆。	In the second yongjian year of the reign of Emperor Shun, (Ban) Yong once again attacked and subdued Yanqi.
于是龟兹、疏勒、于胘、莎车等十七国皆来服从。	从此，龟兹、疏勒、于阗、莎车等西域十七国重新臣服于汉朝。	and then Qiuci, Shule, Yutian, Suoche, and other kingdoms, seventeen altogether, came to submit.
而乌孙、葱领已西遂绝。	乌孙、葱岭以西诸国，与汉朝的联系依然不通。	Following this, the Wusun, and the countries of the Congling, put an end to their disruptions to communications to the west.
六年，帝以伊吾旧膏腴之地，傍近西域，匈奴资之，以为抄暴，复令开设屯田，如永元时事，置伊吾司马一人。	永建六年，顺帝认为伊吾是西域的膏腴之地，靠近西域都护府，匈奴盘踞在此地，以此为资本，逞其凶狂。顺帝诏令，汉军在伊吾屯田，按照永元年间旧例，设置伊吾司马。	Because Yiwu had since time immemorial provided fertile land bordering on the Western Regions which the Xiongnu were able to plunder for supplies, the Emperor, in the sixth year, ordered the re-establishment of a State Farm like the one of the yongyuan period, when a ‘Commander of Hami’ was installed.
自阳嘉以后，朝威稍损，诸国骄放，转相陵伐。	从顺帝阳嘉年间以后，朝廷的威望不断受到损害，西域诸国相继叛离，相互攻打。	Following the yangjia period, the reputation of the Imperial Court gradually declined. The kingdoms of the Western Regions became arrogant and negligent. They oppressed and attacked each other.
元嘉二年，长史王敬为于窴所没。	桓帝元嘉二年，西域长史王敬，被于阗国杀害。	In the second yuanjia year, the Aide Wang Jing was put to death by Yutian.
永兴元年，车师后王复反攻屯营。	桓帝永兴元年，车师后王攻打屯田汉军。	In the first yongxing year, the king of the tribe of Further Jushi again launched a counterattack against the garrison of the military colony.
虽有降首，曾莫惩革，自此浸以疏慢矣。	遭到反击，并未受到沉重打击。从此，诸国对待驻西域汉军，愈发怠慢。	Although their chiefs had submitted, they were not punished and made to reform, so they became negligent.
班固记诸国风土人俗，皆已详备《前书》。	班固撰写的《汉书》，记载的西域风土人情已经很详细。	Ban Gu has recorded in detail the local conditions and customs of each kingdom in the former book.
今撰建武以后其事异于先者，以为《西域传》，皆安帝末班勇所记云。	在此，仅撰写建武以后西域诸国与汉朝的联系，有别于《汉书》记载的内容，著《西域传》，主要采用安帝末年班勇撰写的史料。	Now, the events of the jianwu period onward have been revised for this Chapter on the Western Regions, using those that differ from earlier records as reported by Ban Yong at the end of the reign of Emperor An.
西域内属诸国，东西六千余里，南北千余里，东极玉门、阳关，西至葱领。	西域诸国内附汉朝，其东西宽约六千里，南北长约一千里，东边可到达玉门关、阳关，西边以葱岭为界。	The kingdoms of the Western Regions subject to the Interior stretch more than 6,000 li from east to west, and more than 1,000 li from south to north. At the extreme east are the Yumen and Yang frontier-passes. To the west, they stretch to the Congling.
其东北与匈奴、乌孙相接。	东北与匈奴、乌孙接壤。	To the northeast, they border on the Xiongnu and Wusun.
南北有大山，中央有河。	南北均有大山，中部有大河。	To the north and south are high mountains. In the centre is a river.
其南山东出金城，与汉南山属焉。	南部山脉向东插入金城郡，与祁连山相连。	The Nanshan runs east from Jincheng, and joins the Han Nanshan.
其河有两源，一出葱领东流，一出于窴南山下北流，与葱领河合，东注蒲昌海。	其大河有两个源头，一个来自葱岭，向东流，一个来自阗南山，向北流，与葱岭河汇合，向东注入蒲昌海。	The river has two sources: one flows east from the Congling. The other flows from the Yutian Nanshan to the north, joins with the river coming from the Congling, and they flow together to the east, emptying into Lake Puchang.
蒲昌海一名盐泽，去玉门三百余里。	蒲昌海又名盐泽（罗布泊），距离玉门关三百里。	Lake Puchang is also called the ‘Salt Swamp,’ and is more than 300 li from the Yumen frontier-pass.
自敦煌西出玉门、阳关，涉鄯善，北通伊吾千余里。	从敦煌出发，西行出玉门关、阳关，沿途跋涉，经过鄯善，向北直抵伊吾，有一千余里。	Heading west from Dunhuang via the Yumen and Yang frontier-passes, you pass through Shanshan. Heading north leads to Yiwu after more than 1,000 li.
自伊吾北通车师前部高昌壁千二百里。	从伊吾再向北行，直抵车师前部高昌国，有一千二百里。	Leaving Yiwu, and going 1,200 li north leads to the fortress of Gaochang, in the territory of the Nearer Jushi.
自高昌壁北通后部金满城五百里。	从高昌向北行，直抵车师后部金满城，有五百里。	Departing from the fortress of Gaochang and going 500 li north leads to the town of Jinman of the Further Jushi Headquarters.
此其西域之门户也，故戊己校尉更互屯焉。	这是西域门户，戊己校尉在伊吾驻守屯田。	These places are the doors of the Western Regions, which is why the Mao and Ji Commandants and their respective functionaries were garrisoned there.
伊吾地宜五谷、桑麻、蒲萄。	伊吾的土地，适宜种植五谷、桑麻、葡萄。	The region of Yiwu is favourable for the five types of grain, mulberry trees, hemp, and grapes.
其北又有柳中，皆膏腴之地。	伊吾北部有一处地名叫柳中，是膏腴之地。	Further north is Liuzhong. All these places are fertile.
故汉常与匈奴争车师、伊吾，以制西域焉。	汉与匈奴多次争夺车师、伊吾，为的是控制西域诸国。	This is why the Han have constantly struggled with the Xiongnu over Jushi and Yiwu, for the control of the Western Regions.
自鄯善逾葱领出西诸国，有两道。	从鄯善国翻越葱岭，向西行前往诸国，有两条道路。	How does one go from Shanshan and across the Congling to emerge in the kingdoms to the west? There are two routes.
傍南山北，陂河西行至莎车，为南道。	沿南山北行，顺河流向西行，抵达莎车，为南道。	The one which runs parallel to the northern slope of the southern mountains, following the river west to Suoche is the Southern Route.
南道西逾葱领，则出大月氏、安息之国也。	沿南道向西行，翻越葱岭，可以抵达大月氏、安息。	This Southern Route crosses west over the Congling, and emerges into the territory of the Da Yuezhi and Anxi.
自车师前王庭随北山，陂河西行至疏勒，为北道。	从车师前王庭沿北山，顺河流向西行，抵达疏勒，为北道。	The other route which runs from the Royal Court of Nearer Jushi and, skirting the slopes of the northern mountains, follows the river west to Shule is the Northern Route.
北道西逾葱领，出大宛、康居、奄蔡焉。	沿北道向西翻越葱岭，可以抵达大宛、康居、奄蔡诸国。	This Northern Route crosses west over the Congling, and emerges into Dayuan, Kangju, and Yancai.
出玉门，经鄯善、且末、精绝三千余里至拘弥。	出玉门关，经鄯善、且末、精绝三国，前进三千余里，抵达拘弥国。	Leaving Yumen, and passing through Shanshan, Qiemo and Jingjue, you reach Jumi after more than 3,000 li.
拘弥国，居宁弥城，去长史所居柳中四千九百里，去洛阳万二千八百里。	拘弥首府在宁弥城，距离西域长史驻扎的柳中，有四千九百里，距离洛阳有一万二千八百里。	The main centre of Jumi is Ningmi. It is 4,900 li from Liuzhong, the residence of the Aide of the Western Regions, and 12,800 li from Luoyang.
领户二千一百七十三，口七千二百五十一，胜兵千七百六十人。	有户口数二千一百七十三户，有人口七千二百五十一人，可以当兵者，有一千七百六十人。	It controls 2,173 households, 7,251 individuals, and 1,760 people able to bear arms.
顺帝永建四年，于窴王放前杀拘弥王兴，自立其子为拘弥王，而遣使者贡献于汉。	顺帝永建四年，于阗王放前杀害拘弥王兴，立儿子为拘弥王，派遣使者向汉朝贡献财物。	During the reign of Emperor Shun, in the fourth yongjian year, Fang Qian, the king of Yutian, killed the king of Jumi, Xing. He installed his son as the king of Jumi, then sent an envoy to offer tribute to Han.
敦煌太守除由上求讨之，帝赦于窴罪，令归拘弥国，放前不肯。	敦煌郡太守徐由上奏朝廷，讨伐于阗王，顺帝赦免于阗王的罪行，令于阗王撤出拘弥国，放前不肯。	However, the Governor of Dunhuang, Xu You, sent a report to the Throne to ask that he be punished. The Emperor pardoned the crime of the king of Yutian, ordering him to hand back the kingdom of Jumi. Fang Qian refused.
阳嘉元年，徐由遣疏勒王臣槃发二万人击于窴，破之，斩首数百级，放兵大掠，更立兴宗人成国为拘弥王而还。	顺帝阳嘉元年，敦煌郡太守徐由派遣疏勒王臣盘出兵两万，进攻于阗，大败于阗王，斩杀数百人，疏勒王放纵士兵抢掠。重新立拘弥王兴的族人成国为拘弥王，而后撤军。	In the first yangjia year, Xu You sent the king of Shule, Chen Pan, who with 20,000 men, attacked and defeated Yutian. He beheaded several hundred people, and released his soldiers to plunder freely. He replaced the king of Jumi by installing Cheng Guo from the family of the previous king Xing, and then he returned.
至灵帝熹平四年，于窴王安国攻拘弥，大破之，杀其王，死者甚众。	灵帝熹平四年，于阗王安国再次攻打拘弥，杀了拘弥王，拘弥国死伤者甚多。	In the fourth xiping year, during the reign of Emperor Ling, An Guo, the king of Yutian, attacked Jumi, and defeated it soundly. He killed the king and many others.
戊己校尉、西域长史各发兵辅立拘弥侍子定兴为王。	戊己校尉、西域长史各自派兵，帮助拘弥王的侍子定兴从洛阳返回西域，即位为拘弥王。	The Maoji Commandant and the Aide of the Western Regions each sent soldiers to support Ding Xing, who was the son of the king of Jumi and had been a hostage with the Emperor, and place him on the throne.
时人众裁有千口。	当时，拘弥国只剩下一千余人。	At that time, the population had been reduced to a thousand people.
其国西接于窴三百九十里。	拘弥国西边距离于阗国三百九十里。	This kingdom borders on Yutian, which is 390 li to the west.
于窴国，居西城，去长史所居五千三百里，去洛阳万一千七百里。	于阗国首府距离西域长史府五千三百里，距离洛阳一万一千七百里。	The main centre of the Kingdom of Yutian is the town of Xicheng. It is 5,300 li from the residence of the Aide, and 11,700 li from Luoyang.
领户三万二千，口八万三千，胜兵三万余人。	有户口数三万二千户，有人口数八万三千人，能够当兵者，有三万余人。	It controls 32,000 households, 83,000 individuals, and more than 30,000 men able to bear arms.
建武末，莎车王贤强盛，攻并于窴，徙其王俞林为骊归王。	建武末年，莎车王贤兵力强盛，兼并于阗国，将于阗王俞林迁至骊归为骊归王。	At the end of the jianwu period, Xian, the powerful and prosperous king of Suoche, attacked and annexed Yutian. He transferred Yu Lin, its king, to become the king of Ligui.
明帝永平中，于窴将休莫霸反莎车，自立为于窴王。	明帝永平年间，于阗国将领休莫霸反攻莎车国，自立为于阗王。	During the yongping period, in the reign of Emperor Ming, Xiu Mo Ba, a Khotanese general, rebelled against Suoche, and made himself king of Yutian.
休莫霸死，兄子广德立，后遂灭莎车，其国转盛。	休莫霸死后，哥哥的儿子广德继位为于阗王。后来，广德灭亡莎车国，于阗国变得强盛起来。	On the death of Xiu Mo Ba, Guang De, son of his elder brother, assumed power and then defeated Suoche. His kingdom became very prosperous after this.
从精绝西北至疏勒十三国皆服从。	从精绝国西北到疏勒国，十三个西域国家皆臣服于阗国。	From Jingjue northwest, as far as Shule, thirteen kingdoms submitted to him.
而鄯善王亦始强盛。	鄯善国也很强大。	Meanwhile, the king of Shanshan had also begun to prosper.
自是南道目葱领以东，唯此二国为大。	南道葱岭以东地区，这两个国家最为强盛。	From then on, these two kingdoms were the only major ones on the Southern Route in the whole region to the east of the Congling.
顺帝永建六年，于窴王放前遣侍子诣阙贡献。	顺帝永建六年，于阗王放前派遣嗣子到洛阳朝贡。	In the sixth yongjian year, during the reign of Emperor Shun, Fang Qian, the king of Yutian, sent one of his sons to serve and offer tribute at the Imperial Palace.
元嘉元年，长史赵评在于窴病痈死。	顺帝元嘉元年，西域长史赵评在于阗国患痈疮病死。	In the first yuanjia year, the Chief Scribe Zhao Ping was in Yutian and died there from a carbuncle.
评子迎丧，道经拘弥。	赵评的儿子前去迎接父亲的灵柩，途经拘弥国。	(Zhao) Ping’s son left to search for his body. On his way, he passed through Jumi.
拘弥王成国与于窴王建素有隙，乃语评子云：“于窴王令胡医持毒药著创中，故致死耳。”	拘弥王成国与于阗王建素来有矛盾，对赵评的儿子讲：“于阗王令胡医用毒药治疗痈疮，导致将军死亡。”	Now, Cheng Guo, the king of Jumi, had had disagreements for some time with Jian, the king of Yutian. He said to (Zhao) Ping’s son: “The king of Yutian ordered a Western doctor to put a poisonous drug in the wound, which caused your father’s death.”
评子信之，还入塞，以告敦煌太守马达。	赵评的儿子居然相信，入塞后，将此事告诉敦煌郡太守马达。	(Zhao) Ping’s son believed this story. When he returned to the frontier region, he informed Ma Da, the Governor of Dunhuang.
明年，以王敬代为长史，达令敬隐核其事。	第二年，朝廷任命王敬为西域长史，马达委托王敬调查此事。	The following year, Wang Jing was named Chief Scribe in place of the late Zhao Ping. (Ma) Da ordered (Wang) Jing to make a thorough secret investigation into the affair.
敬先过拘弥，成国复说云：“于窴国人欲以我为王，今可因此罪诛建，于窴必服矣。”	王敬先到拘弥国，拘弥王成国说：“于阗国人欲拥立我为于阗王，如今，可以借此事诛杀于阗王建，于阗国一定会臣服于汉朝。”	(Wang) Jing first passed through Jumi. Cheng Guo again said: “The people of Yutian want to have me as king. Now, you should kill Jian because of the crime he is guilty of. Yutian will certainly agree.”
敬贪立功名，且受成国之说，前到于窴，设供具请建，而阴图之。	王敬贪图功名，相信拘弥王成国的话，前往于阗国。王敬摆设酒宴，延请于阗王建，准备在酒宴上逮捕于阗王。	(Wang) Jing was eager to acquire merit and glory for himself and, besides, he believed what Cheng Guo had said to him. Before reaching Yutian, he prepared to receive Jian, invited him, and secretly made a plan.
或以敬谋告建，建不信，曰：“我无罪，王长史何为欲杀我？”	有人将王敬的阴谋告诉于阗王建，于阗王建不相信，说：“我无罪，王长史为何要杀我？”	Someone had warned Jian of Wang Jing’s plot. He didn’t believe it and said: “I am innocent. Why would the Chief Scribe Wang want to kill me?”
旦日，建从官属数十人诣敬。	第二天清晨，于阗王建带领官属数十人来拜谒王敬。	The following morning Jian, with an escort of several tens of officials, came to pay a visit to (Wang) Jing.
坐定，建起行酒，敬叱左右执之。	大家坐下后，于阗王建站起来行酒，王敬喝令左右，拿下于阗王。	When this happened, Jian got up to serve the wine. (Wang) Jing then ordered his retinue in a menacing tone to seize him.
吏士并无杀建意，官属悉得突走。	军士无意杀害于阗王，于阗王带来的官属吓得四散逃走。	As none of the officers and soldiers wanted to kill Jian, all the officials suddenly fled.
时成国主簿秦牧随敬在会，持刀出曰：“大事已定，何为复疑？”即前斩建。	当时，拘弥王成国的主簿秦牧跟随王敬出席酒宴，秦牧拔出刀来，说：“大事已定，还犹疑什么？”秦牧上前，杀了于阗王建。	At this point, Qin Mu, Cheng Guo’s Registrar, following (Wang) Jing, drew his sword and said, “The main issue has already been decided. Why are we still hesitating?” He immediately advanced and beheaded Jian.
于窴侯将输僰等遂会兵攻敬。	于阗国将军输僰集合军队，攻打王敬。	Then the Khotanese Noble-General, Shu Po, and some others, joined up again with the soldiers and attacked (Wang) Jing.
敬持建头上楼宣告曰：“天子使我诛建耳。”	王敬提着于阗王建的头颅，站在楼台上宣告：“天子诏令我诛杀于阗王建。”	(Wang) Jing took Jian’s head, climbed a tower, and proclaimed: “The Son of Heaven has assuredly sought out Jian and punished him!”
于窴侯将遂焚营舍，烧杀吏士，上楼斩敬，悬首于市。	于阗将军焚烧军营，烧死汉军士卒，登上楼台，杀了王敬，将王敬的头颅悬挂在集市。	The Khotanese Commandant-Leader, Shu Po, then set the camp buildings on fire killing the officials and soldiers. He climbed the tower and beheaded (Wang) Jing and hung his head in the marketplace.
输僰欲自立为王，国人杀之，而立建子安国焉。	输僰欲自立为于阗王，国人又将输僰杀害，拥立于阗王建的儿子安国继位。	Shu Po wanted to make himself king, but the people of the country killed him, and put An Guo, the son of Jian, on the throne.
马达闻之，欲将诸郡兵出塞击于窴，桓帝不听，征达还，而以宋亮代为敦煌太守。	敦煌郡太守马达闻报，奏请朝廷，率领敦煌郡驻守汉军出塞，进攻于阗国。桓帝没有批准，召回马达，任命宋亮继任敦煌郡太守。	When Ma Da was informed of what had happened, he wanted to put himself in charge of the troops of several commanderies, and head through the frontier regions to attack Yutian, but Emperor Huan did not allow it. He recalled (Ma) Da and substituted Song Liang as the Governor of Dunhuang.
亮到，开募于窴，令自斩输僰。	宋亮到任，向于阗国人悬赏，自行斩杀输僰。	When (Song) Liang arrived, he appealed to the people of Yutian, asking them to behead Shu Po.
时输僰死已经月。乃断死人头送敦煌，而不言其状。	当时，输僰已经被杀一个月，于阗国人割下输僰的人头，送往敦煌，但没有向宋亮说明事情的经过。	By then, Shu Po had already been dead for more than a month, so they sent the head of a dead man to Dunhuang without saying what had really happened.
亮后知其诈，而竟不能出兵，于窴恃此遂骄。	后来，宋亮知道事情原委，没有再出兵问罪。于阗国人愈发骄横。	(Song) Liang was informed of this trickery but, finally, he could not get the troops to go. Encouraged by this, Yutian became arrogant.
自于窴经皮山，至西夜、子合、德若焉。	从于阗国经皮山国，可到达西夜国、子合国、德若国。	Heading on from Yutian, you pass through Pishan reaching Xiye, Zihe, and Dere.
西夜国，一名漂沙，去洛阳万四千四百里。	西夜国又名漂沙国，距离洛阳一万四千四百里。	The kingdom of Xiye is also called Piaosha. It is 14,400 li from Luoyang.
户二千五百，口万余，胜兵三千人。	有户口数二千五百户，人口数一万余人，能够当兵者，有三千人。	It has 2,500 households, more than 10,000 people, and 3,000 men able to bear arms.
地生白草，有毒，国人煎以为药，傅箭镞，所中即死。	西夜国土地上生长一种白草，有毒，当地人煎熬毒药，涂抹在箭镞上，中箭者必死无疑。	The region produces baicao, which is poisonous. The inhabitants extract a drug from it that is used on arrow points and kills immediately.
《汉书》中误云西夜、子合是一国，今各自有王。	《汉书》误将西夜国、子合国混同为一个国家，实际上各自有国王。	The Hanshu wrongly stated that Xiye and Zihe was one kingdom. Each now has its own king.
子合国，居呼鞬谷。去疏勒千里。	子合国位置在呼鞬谷。距离疏勒国有一千里。	The Kingdom of Zihe is in the Hujian Gorge, 1,000 li from Shule.
领户三百五十，口四千，胜兵千人。	有户口数三百五十户，有人口数四千人，能够当兵的有一千人。	It controls 350 households, 4,000 people, and 1,000 men able to bear arms.
德若国，领户百余，口六百七十，胜兵三百五十人。	德若国有户口数一百余户，有人口数六百七十人，能够当兵的有三百五十人。	The Kingdom of Dere controls more than 100 households, 670 individuals, and 350 men able to bear arms.
东去长史居三千五百三十里，去洛阳万二千一百五十里，与子合相接。	向东距离西域长史驻地有三千五百三十里，距离洛阳有一万二千一百五十里，与子合国接壤。	On the east, it is 3,530 li to the residence of the Chief Scribe. It is 12,150 li from Luoyang. It borders on Zihe.
其俗皆同。	其风俗大致相同。	Their way of life is the same.
自皮山西南经乌秅，涉悬度，历罽宾，六十余日行至乌弋山离国，地方数千里，时改名排持。	从皮山国西南经乌秅国，翻越悬渡，抵达罽宾国，再行走六十余日，可到达乌弋山离国，乌弋山离国方圆数千里，当时已经改名为排持国。	Southwest of Pishan, you pass through Wucha, cross over Xuandu, cross Jibin and, at the end of more than 60 days march, you arrive at the Kingdom of Wuyishanli. (Wuyishanli) extends for several thousand li. Now its name has changed to Paizhi.
复西南马行百余日至条支。	骑马向西南行一百余日，可到达条支国。	Going southwest more than a hundred days further on horseback, you reach Tiaozhi.
条支国城在山上，周回四十余里。	条支国在山上筑城，周长四十余里。	In the Kingdom of Tiaozhi there is a town on the top of a hill that is more than 40 li in circumference.
临西海，海水曲环其南及东北，三面路绝，唯西北隅通陆道。	条支国濒临西海，海水环绕南边和东北，三面道路阻断，只有西北角有通向外界的道路。	It borders on the Western Sea, and the seawater winds around it on the south, east, and north. Thus, access is blocked on three sides. It is only to the northwest that there is communication by road on firm ground.
土地暑湿，出师子、犀牛、封牛、孔雀、大雀。	土地温润，出产狮子、犀牛、封牛、孔雀、大雀。	This region is hot and humid. It produces lions, rhinoceroses, zebu cattle, peacocks, and giant birds.
大雀其卵如甕。	大雀产的卵像瓮一样大。	The giant birds have eggs as big as water jars.
转北而东，复马行六十余日至安息。	向北再转向东行，骑马六十余日，可到达安息国。	If you turn north, and then towards the east, riding by horse for more than 60 days, you reach Anxi.
后役属条支，为置大将，临领诸小城焉。	后来，安息国征服条支国，在条支国设置大将，统治各小城邦。	Later on, (Anxi) conquered, and subjugated Tiaozhi. They have installed a Senior General there to supervise all the small towns.
安息国，居和椟城，去洛阳二万五千里。	安息国都城在和椟城，安息国距离洛阳二万五千里。	The main centre of Anxi is the town of Hedu. It is 25,000 li from Luoyang.
北与康居接，南与乌弋山离接。	北边与康居国接壤，南边与乌弋山离国接壤。	On the north, it is bordered by Kangju, and on the south joins Wuyishanli.
地方数千里，小城数百，户口胜兵最为殷盛。	地方广阔达数千里，有数百个小城，人口众多，兵力强盛。	It is several thousand li across. There are several hundred small towns. The households, people, and men able to bear arms are extremely numerous.
其东界木鹿城，号为小安息，去洛阳二万里。	安息国东界有一座木鹿城，号称小安息，距离洛阳两万里。	On its eastern frontier is the town of Mulu, which is also called Little Anxi, and is 20,000 li from Luoyang.
章帝章和元年，遣使献师子、符拔。	章帝章和元年，安息国向汉朝派遣使者，献上狮子、符拔。	In the first zhanghe year, during the reign of Emperor Zhang, this kingdom sent an envoy to offer lions and fuba.
符拔形似麟而无角。	符拔好似麒麟，没有角。	The fuba looks like a female unicorn but it doesn’t have a horn.
和帝永元九年，都护班超遣甘英使大秦，抵条支。	和帝永元九年，西域都护班超派遣甘英出使大秦国，抵达条支国。	In the ninth yongyuan year, during the reign of Emperor He, the Protector General Ban Chao sent Gan Ying to Da Qin. He reached Tiaozhi.
临大海欲度，而安息西界船人谓英曰：“海水广大，往来者逢善风三月乃得度，若遇迟风，亦有二岁者，故入海人皆赍三岁粮。”	走到大海边，欲渡海西行，安息国西界的掌船人对甘英讲：“海水浩淼，海面宽阔，往来者遇上善风，三个月可以渡过大海，如果遇上恶风，要用两年时间，因此，渡海人要带上三年的粮食。”	Next to a large sea, he wanted to cross it, but the sailors of the western frontier of Anxi said to him: “The ocean is huge. Those making the round trip can do it in three months if the winds are favourable. However, if you encounter winds that delay you, it can take two years. That is why all the men who go by sea take stores for three years.”
海中善使人思土恋慕，数有死亡者。	在海上航行，常使人思念故土，很多人死亡。	The vast ocean urges men to think of their country, and get homesick, and some of them die.
英闻之乃止。	甘英听罢解释，打消了渡海的念头。	When (Gan) Ying heard this, he gave up his plan.
十三年，安息王满屈复献师子及条支大鸟，时谓之安息雀。	永元十三年，安息王满屈派遣使者，向汉朝献上狮子和条支大鸟，世人称大鸟为“安息雀”。	In the thirteenth year, the king of Anxi named Manqu again offered lions, and some of the large birds of Tiaozhi, which people call ‘Anxi birds’.
自安息西行三千四百里至阿蛮国。	从安息国西行三千四百里，抵达阿蛮国。	From Anxi, if you travel 3,400 li west, you reach the Kingdom of Aman.
从阿蛮西行三千六百里至斯宾国。	从阿蛮国西行三千六百里，抵达斯宾国。	Leaving Aman and travelling 3,600 li, you reach the Kingdom of Sibin.
从斯宾南行度河，又西南至于罗国九百六十里，安息西界极矣。	从斯宾国南行渡过大河，再向西南行，抵达于罗国，距离九百六十里，安息国的西界至此到头。	Leaving Sibin and travelling south you cross a river, then going southwest, you reach the Kingdom of Yuluo after 960 li. This is the extreme western frontier of Anxi.
自此南乘海，乃通大秦。	从这里向南渡过大海，可以到达大秦国。	Leaving there, and heading south, you embark on the sea and then reach Da Qin.
其土多海西珍奇异物焉。	这块土地上有很多海西奇珍异物。	In these territories, there are many precious and marvellous things from Haixi.
大秦国，一名犁鞬，以在海西，亦云海西国。	大秦国又名犁鞬国，因为在大海西边，又叫海西国。	The Kingdom of Da Qin is also called Lijian. As it is found to the west of the sea, it is also called the Kingdom of Haixi.
地方数千里，有四百余城。	地方广阔达数千里，有四百余座城邑。	Its territory extends for several thousands of li. It has more than four hundred walled towns.
小国役属者数十。	大秦役使数十个小国。	There are several tens of smaller dependent kingdoms.
以石为城郭。	用石头建造城郭。	The walls of the towns are made of stone.
列置邮亭，皆垩塈之。	沿途设置邮亭，用白垩土涂抹外墙。	They have established postal relays at intervals, which are all plastered and whitewashed.
有松柏诸木百草。	国内种植有松柏等树木花草。	There are pines and cypresses, as well as trees and plants of all kinds.
人俗力田作，多种树蚕桑。	人们惯于在田间劳作，种有很多桑蚕树。	The common people are farmers. They cultivate many grain crops and silkworm-mulberry trees.
皆髡头而衣文绣，乘辎軿白盖小车，出入击鼓，建旌旗幡帜。	人们大多剃头，穿有文绣的衣服，乘坐黑色帷幕白盖小车，出入打鼓，高举旌旗、旗幡。	They shave their heads, and their clothes are embroidered. They have screened coaches and small white-roofed one-horse carts. When carriages come and go, drums are beaten and flags and standards are raised.
所居城邑，周圜百余里。	大秦国的国都所在城邑，周围面积达一百余里。	The seat of government is more than a hundred li around.
城中有五宫，相去各十里。	城中有五个宫殿，相距十里。	In this city are five palaces each ten li from the other.
宫室皆以水精为柱，食器亦然。	宫中以水晶装饰廊柱，食器也使用水晶。	Moreover, in the rooms of the palace the pillars and the tableware are really made of crystal.
其王日游一宫，听事五日而后遍。	大秦王每日游历一宫，在宫中处理政事，五日后轮回。	The king goes each day to one of the palaces to deal with business. After five days, he has visited all of them.
常使一人持囊随王车，人有言事者，即以书投囊中，王室宫发省，理其枉直。	常有一位侍臣手持书囊，跟随在国王车辇旁边，大臣有言事者，即将奏书投入囊中，国王进宫后打开奏书阅读，审理屈直。	A porter with a sack has the job of always following the royal carriage. When somebody wants to discuss something with the king, he throws a note in the sack. When the king arrives at the palace, he opens the bag, examines the contents, and judges if the plaintiff is right or wrong.
各有官曹文书。	除此以外，还有各部功曹呈上文书。	There is a government department of archives.
置三十六将，皆会议国事。	国王设置三十六将，在宫中聚会，讨论国事。	[A group of] thirty-six leaders has been established to meet together to deliberate on affairs of state.
其王无有常人。皆简立贤者。	国王生前不确立太子，而是根据某人是贤者，确定王位继承人。	Their kings are not permanent. They select and appoint the most worthy man.
国中灾异及风雨不时，辄废而更立，受放者甘黜不怨。	国中出现灾异，或者风雨不合时令，废黜原国王，拥立新王，被废黜者甘心受罚，并无怨言。	If there are unexpected calamities in the kingdom, such as frequent extraordinary winds or rains, he is unceremoniously rejected and replaced. The one who has been dismissed quietly accepts his demotion, and is not angry.
其人民皆长大平正，有类中国，故谓之大秦。	国内人民身材高大，模样端正，类似于中原，所以叫大秦。	The people of this country are all tall and honest. They resemble the people of the Middle Kingdom and that is why this kingdom is called Da Qin.
土多金银奇宝，有夜光璧、明月珠、骇鸡犀、珊瑚、虎魄、琉璃、琅玕、朱丹、青碧。	大秦土地上盛产金银、奇珍异宝，有夜光璧、明月珠、骇鸡犀、珊瑚、琥珀、琉璃、琅玕、朱丹、青碧。	This country produces plenty of gold, silver, and precious jewels, luminous jade, ‘bright moon pearls,’ fighting cocks, rhinoceroses, coral, yellow amber, opaque glass, whitish chalcedony, red cinnabar, green gemstones.
刺金缕绣，织成金缕罽、杂色绫。	人们用金丝刺绣，织成金缕毡罽、杂色绫绸。	They have drawn gold-threaded and multi-coloured embroideries, woven gold-threaded net, delicate polychrome silks painted with gold.
作黄金涂、火浣市。	制作黄金涂、火浣布。	They make gold paint and asbestos cloth.
又有细布，或言水羊毳，野蚕茧所作也。	还有细布，有人说这是水羊的毳毛织成，也有人说这是野蚕茧织成。	They also have a fine cloth which some people say is made from the down of ‘water sheep,’ but which is made, in fact, from the cocoons of wild silkworms.
合会诸香，煎其汁以为苏合。	大秦人将各种香料混合在一起，煎熬成汁液，称其为“苏合香”。	They blend all sorts of fragrances, and by boiling the juice, make storax.
凡外国诸珍异皆出焉。	凡是外国出产的奇珍异物，在这里都有出售。	[They have] all the precious and rare things that come from the various foreign kingdoms.
以金银为钱，银钱十当金钱一。	大秦人以金银为钱币，十枚银钱兑换一枚金钱。	They make gold and silver coins. Ten silver coins are worth one gold coin.
与安息、天竺交市于海中，利有十倍。	与安息国、天竺国在海上通商贸易，可以获取十倍的利润。	They trade with Anxi and Tianzhu by sea. The profit margin is ten to one.
其人质直，市无二价。	大秦人性情质朴，市无二价。	The people of this country are honest in business; they don’t have two prices.
谷食常贱，国用富饶。	食用的粮食很便宜，国内物产丰富，国土富饶。	Grain and foodstuffs are always in good supply. The resources of the state are abundant.
邻国使到其界首者，乘驿诣王都，至则给以金钱。	邻国使者出使大秦，来到边界，有驿车送往国都。使者见到国王，还会得到金钱赏赐。	When envoys from a neighbouring kingdom arrive at their border, they use the courier stations to get to the royal capital, and when they arrive, they give them gold coins.
其王常欲通使于汉，而安息欲以汉缯彩与之交市，故遮阂不得自达。	大秦王欲通使汉朝，而安息国欲用汉朝运来的彩色绸缎，与大秦国做生意，因此千方百计地阻挠大秦，使其不能越界，抵达汉朝。	The king of this country always wanted to send envoys to the Han, but Anxi, wishing to control the trade in multi-coloured Chinese silks, blocked the route to prevent [the Romans] getting through [to China].
至桓帝延熹九年，大秦王安敦遣使自日南徼外献象牙、犀角、玳瑁，始乃一通焉。	桓帝延熹九年，大秦王安敦派遣使者，从日南郡上岸，向朝廷献上象牙、犀角、玳瑁，从此与汉朝通使。	In the ninth yanxi year, during the reign of Emperor Huan, the king of Da Qin, Andun, sent envoys from beyond the frontiers through Rinan, to offer elephant tusks, rhinoceros horn, and turtle shell. This was the very first time there was [direct] communication [between the two countries].
其所表贡，并无珍异，疑传者过焉。	大秦国使者献上的贡物，并无奇珍异物，传说是否言过其实？	The tribute brought was neither precious nor rare, raising suspicion that the accounts [of the ‘envoys’] might be exaggerated.
或云其国西有弱水、流沙，近西王母所居处，几于日所入也。	据传说，大秦国西边有弱水、流沙，那里靠近西王母居住的地方，是太阳落下的地方。	It is said that to the west of this kingdom is Ruoshui and Liusha which are close to the place where Xiwangmu lives, and which go almost as far as the place where the sun sets.
《汉书》云“从条支西行二百余日，近日所入”，则与今书异矣。	《汉书》记载：“从条支国西行二百余日，靠近太阳落下的地方。”这与今天看到的景象，大相迥异。	The Hanshu says: “Leaving Tiaozhi, if you head west for more than two hundred days, you approach the place where the sun sets.” This does not agree with the books of today.
前世汉使皆自乌弋以还，莫有至条支者也。	西汉使者到达乌弋国即返回，没有人到过条支国。	[The reason is that] the Han envoys under the first [Han] dynasty all returned after reaching Wuyi, and none of them went as far as Tiaozhi.
又云“从安息陆道绕海北行出海西至大秦，人庶连属，十里一亭，三十里一置，终无盗贼寇警。”	有人告诫：“从安息国陆路绕行大海向北，出海西国到大秦国，沿途人民不断，十里一亭，三十里一驿站，沿途没有盗贼、警讯。”	It is said, leaving Anxi by the land route, you circle through Haibei, and come into Haixi, to reach Da Qin. The population there is dense. Each ten li there is a postal stage, and each thirty li a postal station. Finally, there is no trouble with bandits.
而道多猛虎、师子，遮害行旅，不百余人赍兵器，辄为所食。	但是有很多猛虎、狮子，伤害行旅之人，上百人结伴旅行，还要带上兵器，否则会被猛兽吃掉。	But there are many ferocious tigers and lions on the road that obstruct and kill travellers. If the caravans don’t have more than a hundred men carrying arms, they will be devoured.
又言“有飞桥数百里可度海北诸国”。	还有人说：“有飞桥数百里，可以从桥上走到海北。”	Also, it is said that there is a raised bridge, several hundred li long, which crosses over to Haibei.
所生奇异玉石诸物，谲怪多不经，故不记云。	至于传说中的各国出产，奇珍异物，玉石宝物，大多荒诞不经，这里不再赘述。	They [the vassal kingdoms of Da Qin] produce curious gems and so many other peculiar and bizarre things that I will not record what is reported.
大月氏国，居蓝氏城，西接安息，四十九日行。	大月氏首都在蓝氏城。西边与安息国接壤，有四十九日的行程。	The main centre of the Da Yuezhi kingdom is the town of Lanshi. To the west it borders Anxi, which is 49 days march away.
东去长史所居六千五百三十七里，去洛阳万六千三百七十里。	东边距离西域长史府，有六千五百三十七里，距离洛阳，有一万六千三百七十里。	To the east, it is 6,537 li from the seat of the Chief Scribe, and 16,370 li from Luoyang.
户十万，口四十万，胜兵十余万人。	有户口数十万户，有人口数四十万，能够当兵的有十余万人。	There are 100,000 households, 400,000 individuals, and more than 100,000 men able to bear arms.
初，月氏为匈奴所灭，遂迁于大夏，分其国为休密、双靡、贵霜、肹顿、都密，凡五部翕侯。	最初，月氏国被匈奴灭国，其国民迁至大夏国，国民沿途分散在休密国、双靡国、贵霜国、肹顿国、都密国，分为五部翕侯。	Formerly, the Yuezhi were defeated by the Xiongnu. They then moved to Daxia and divided up this kingdom between five xihou, which were those of Xiumi, Shuangmi, Guishuang, Xidun, and Dumi.
后百余岁，贵霜翕侯丘就却攻灭四翕侯，自立为王，国号贵霜。	经过一百余年，贵霜翕侯丘就郤灭亡其他四部翕侯，自立为月氏王，国号叫“贵霜王国”。	More than a hundred years later, the xihou of Guishuang, named Qiujiu Que, attacked and exterminated the four other xihou. He set himself up as king of a kingdom called Guishuang.
侵安息。取高附地。	既而侵略安息国，攻取安息国的高附城。	He invaded Anxi and took the Gaofu region.
又灭濮达、罽宾，悉有其国。	又灭亡濮达国、罽宾国，占有他们的领土。	He also defeated the whole of the kingdoms of Puta and Jibin.
丘就却年八十余死，子阎膏珍代为王。	丘就郤享年八十余岁，去世，儿子阎膏珍继位为国王。	Qiujiu Que was more than eighty years old when he died. His son, Yan Gaozhen, became king in his place.
复灭天竺，置将一人监领之。	灭亡天竺国，设置一员大将统治。	He returned and defeated Tianzhu and installed a General to supervise and lead it.
月氏自此之后，最为富盛，诸国称之，皆曰贵霜王。	月氏国变得富裕、强盛，其他国家称月氏王为贵霜王。	The Yuezhi then became extremely rich. All the kingdoms call their king the Guishuang king.
汉本其故号，言大月氏云。	汉朝按原来的称号，仍然称“大月氏王”。	But the Han call them by their original name, Da Yuezhi.
高附国，在大月氏西南，亦大国也。	高附国在大月氏西南，是一个大国。	The Kingdom of Gaofu is southwest of the Da Yuezhi. It is also a large kingdom.
其俗似天竺，而弱，易服。	其风俗习惯类似于天竺国，但是国力较弱，容易降伏。	Their way of life is similar to that of Tianzhu, but they are weak and easy to subdue.
善贾贩，内富于财。	天竺国人善于经商，国内民众富裕。	They are excellent traders and are very wealthy.
所属无常，天竺、罽宾、安息三国强则得之，弱则失之，而未尝属月氏。	所依附的国家并无一定之规，先后有天竺、罽宾、安息，强国臣服之，弱国背叛之，高附国并未臣服于月氏国。	They have not always been ruled by the same masters. Whenever one of the three kingdoms of Tianzhu, Jibin, or Anxi became powerful, they took control of it; when weakened, they lost it. Gaofu was never previously dependent on the Yuezhi.
《汉书》以为五翕侯数，非其实也。	《汉书》记载，将高附国归于五位翕侯之一，这不是事实。	The Hanshu was wrong when it included it among the five xihou.
后属安息。及月氏破安息，始得高附。	高附国后来臣服于安息国。及至月氏国攻破安息国，月氏国又臣服高附国。	It was a dependency of Anxi. It was only after the Yuezhi defeated Anxi that they took Gaofu.
天竺国，一名身毒，在月氏之东南数千里。	天竺国又名身毒国，在月氏国的东南方向数千里。	The kingdom of Tianzhu is also called Juandu. It is several thousand li southeast of the Yuezhi.
俗与月氏同，而卑湿暑热。	其风俗与月氏国相近，但是地方卑湿暑热。	Their way of life is similar to that of the Yuezhi, but the country is low, humid, and hot.
其国临大水。	国家面临大海。	This kingdom is beside a great river.
乘象而战。	战士骑乘大象作战。	The people ride elephants into battle.
其人弱于月氏，修浮图道，不杀伐，遂以成俗。	其国民弱于月氏国，天竺国研修“浮图道”（佛教），国民不愿意杀伐，逐渐演化为风俗。	They are weaker than the Yuezhi. They practice the Buddhist Way, not to kill, or wage war, which gradually became their custom.
从月氏、高附国以西，南至西海，东至磐起国，皆身毒之地。	从月氏国、高附国向西行，南边到西海，东边到盘起国，都是身毒国的领地。	From the Yuezhi and the kingdom of Gaofu, and heading southwest, you reach the Western Sea. To the east, you reach the kingdom of Panqi, which is part of Juandu.
身毒有别城数百，城置长。	身毒国有数百个城邦，城邦有城邦长。	Juandu has several hundred other towns. A Chief is placed in each town.
别国数十，国置王。	还有数十个小国，小国有国王。	There are scores of other kingdoms in Juandu. Each kingdom has its own king.
虽各小异，而俱以身毒为名，其时皆属月氏。	虽然彼此分治，但都以身毒国为国名，在当时，这些地方臣服于月氏国。	Although the kingdoms differ slightly, they are all still called Juandu. Now they are all subject to the Yuezhi.
月氏杀其王而置将，令统其人。	月氏王杀了身毒王，在身毒国设置大将，统治其国民。	The Yuezhi killed their kings and installed Generals to govern them.
土出象、犀、玳瑁、金、银、铜、铁、铅、锡，西与大秦通，有大秦珍物。	身毒国出产大象、犀牛、玳瑁、金、银、铜、铁、铅、锡，西边与大秦国联通，有大秦国出产的奇珍异物。	This region produces elephants, rhinoceroses, turtle shell, gold, silver, copper, iron, lead, and tin. To the west, it communicates with Da Qin. Precious things from Da Qin can be found there.
又有细布、好毾、诸香、石蜜、胡椒、姜、黑盐。	还出产细布、好毡毯、各种香料、石蜜、胡椒、姜、黑盐。	As well as fine cotton cloths, excellent wool carpets, perfumes of all sorts, sugar loaves, pepper, ginger, and black salt.
和帝时，数遣使贡献，后西域反畔，乃绝。	在和帝朝，身毒国多次派遣使者前来朝贡，后来，西域诸国反叛，这才与汉朝断绝联系。	During the reign of Emperor He, they sent several envoys carrying tribute and offerings. Later, the Western Regions rebelled, and these relations were interrupted.
至桓帝延熹二年、四年，频从日南徼外来献。	桓帝延熹二年、四年，身毒国人又多次从日南郡登岸，前来朝贡。	Then, in the second and fourth yanxi years in the reign of Emperor Huan, and frequently since, foreigners have arrived at the frontiers of Rinan to present offerings.
世传明帝梦见金人，长大，顶有光明，以问群臣。	据传说，明帝曾经梦见一个金人，长得很高大，头顶放出金光，醒来后问群臣。	There is a current tradition that Emperor Ming dreamed that he saw a tall golden man the top of whose head was glowing. He questioned his group of advisors.
或曰：“西方有神，名曰佛，其形长丈六尺而黄金色。”	有人回答：“西方有神灵，名字叫‘佛’，身高一丈六尺，呈黄金颜色。”	One of them said: “In the West there is a god called Buddha. His body is sixteen chi high, and is the colour of gold.”
帝于是遣使天竺，问佛道法，遂于中国图画形象焉。	明帝派遣使者前往天竺国，访问佛法，此后，有人画出佛像。	The Emperor, to discover the true doctrine, sent an envoy to Tianzhu to inquire about the Buddha’s doctrine, after which paintings and statues of the Buddha appeared in the Middle Kingdom.
楚王英始信其术，中国因此颇有奉其道者。	楚王刘英相信佛学，从此以后，中原有人开始崇拜佛教。	Then Ying, the king of Zhu, began to believe in this path and, because of this, the Middle Kingdom received it respectfully.
后桓帝好神，数祀浮图、老子，百姓稍有奉者，后遂转盛。	桓帝喜欢神仙术，多次祭祀浮图、老子，百姓也有信奉者，佛教在中原逐渐流行。	Later on, Emperor Huan devoted himself to sacred things and often sacrificed to the Buddha and Laozi. People gradually began to accept it and, later, they became numerous.
东离国，居沙奇城，在天竺东南三千余里，大国也。	东离国首都在沙奇城，在天竺国东南方向三千余里，也是一个大国。	The main centre of the kingdom of Dongli is the town of Shaqi. It is more than 3,000 li southeast of Tianzhu. It is a big kingdom.
其土气、物类与天竺同。	其风土人情、气候、物产与天竺国相似。	Its products are similar to those of Tianzhu.
列城数十，皆称王。	有数十个城邦，首领称“王”。	There are several dozen major towns whose rulers take the title of king.
大月氏伐之，遂臣服焉。	大月氏征伐并臣服东离国。	The Da Yuezhi attacked and subdued it.
男女皆长八尺，而怯弱。	其国民男女身高在八尺以上，但是性情怯懦。	The men and women are all eight chi tall, but are cowardly.
乘象、骆驼，往来邻国。	国民骑乘大象、骆驼，往来邻国。	They ride elephants and camels when travelling to neighbouring kingdoms.
有寇，乘象以战。	国民中有贼寇，战士们打仗，骑乘大象作战。	When invaded, they ride elephants to wage war.
栗戈国，属康居。	栗弋国臣服于康居国。	The kingdom of Liyi is a dependency of Kangju.
出名马、牛、羊、蒲萄众果，其土水美，故蒲萄酒特有名焉。	栗弋国出产名马、牛、羊、葡萄和各种水果，当地水土肥美，出产的葡萄酒非常有名。	It produces famous horses, cattle, sheep, grapes, and all sorts of fruit. The water and soil of this country are excellent, which is why its grape wine is so famous.
严国，在奄蔡北，属康居，出鼠皮以输之。	严国在奄蔡国北边，臣服于康居国，国民以老鼠皮对外贸易。	The kingdom of Yan is to the north of Yancai and is a dependency of Kangju. It produces small animal pelts, which it uses to pay its tribute to that country.
奄蔡国，改名阿兰聊国，居地城，属康居。	奄蔡国改名称叫阿兰聊国，国都位于“地城”，奄蔡国臣服于康居国。	The Kingdom of Yancai has changed its name to the kingdom of Alanliao. Its capital is the town of Di. It is a dependency of Kangju.
土气温和，多桢松、白草。	当地气候温和，出产桢松、白草。	The climate is mild. Wax trees, pines, and ‘white grass’ are plentiful.
民俗衣服与康居同。	其民风民俗、衣服穿着，与康居国相似。	Their way of life and dress are the same as those of Kangju.
莎车国，西经蒲犁、无雷至大月氏，东去洛阳万九百五十里。	从莎车国向西行，经过蒲犁国、无雷国，到达大月氏国，向东行，距离洛阳一万九百五十里。	Going west from the kingdom of Suoche, and passing through the countries of Puli and Wulei, you arrive among the Da Yuezhi. To the east, it is 10,950 li from Luoyang.
匈奴单于因王莽之乱，略有西域，唯莎车王延最强，不肯附属。	匈奴单于趁着王莽末年中原内乱，占领西域，只有莎车王延对汉朝最忠诚，不肯依附匈奴。	The Chanyu of the Xiongnu took advantage of the chaos in the Western Regions caused by Wang Mang. Only Yan, the king of Suoche, who was more powerful than the others, did not consent to being annexed.
元帝时，尝为侍子，长于京师，慕乐中国，亦复参其典法。	在西汉元帝朝，莎车王曾经作为侍子在长安侍奉皇帝，在长安长大，仰慕中原的礼仪，返回莎车继位，在莎车国仿照汉制，制定法律。	Previously, during the time of Emperor Yuan, he had excelled in the service of the Emperor in the capital. He admired and loved the Middle Kingdom and extended the rules of Chinese administration to his own country.
常敕诸子，当世奉汉家，不可负也。	莎车王经常教导儿子，要世世代代尊奉汉室，不可有负祖先。	He ordered all his sons to respectfully serve the Han dynasty throughout their lives, and to never turn their backs on it.
天凤五年，延死，谥忠武王，子康代立。	王莽天凤五年，莎车王延去世，谥号为忠武王，儿子康继承王位。	Yan died in the fifth tianfeng year. He was awarded the posthumous title of ‘Faithful and Martial King’. His son, Kang, succeeded him on the throne.
光武初，康率傍国拒匈奴，拥卫故都护吏士妻子千余口，檄书河西，问中国动静，自陈思慕汉家。	建武初年，莎车王康率领西域诸国抗拒匈奴，保护原西域都护府官吏、军士及妻子儿女一千余口，同时向河西走廊传递书信，询问中原的情况，自述思念汉室恩德。	At the beginning of Emperor Guangwu’s reign, Kang led the neighbouring kingdoms to resist the Xiongnu. He escorted and protected more than a thousand people including the officers, soldiers, wives and children of the former Protector General. He sent a letter to Hexi to inquire about the activities of the Middle Kingdom, and personally expressed his attachment to and admiration for the Han dynasty.
建武五年，河西大将军窦融乃承制立康为汉莎车建功怀德王、西域大都尉，五十五国皆属焉。	建武五年，河西大将军窦融按照制度，立康为“汉莎车建功怀德王”“西域大都尉”，西域五十五国统归莎车国管辖。	In the fifth jianwu year, the General-in-Chief of Hexi, Dou Rong, following Imperial instructions, bestowed on Kang the titles of “King of Chinese Suoche, Performer of Heroic Deeds Who Cherishes Virtue and Commandant-in-Chief of the Western Regions.” The fifty-five kingdoms were all made dependencies.
九年，康死，谥宣成王。弟贤代立，攻破拘弥、西夜国，皆杀其王，而立其兄康两子为拘弥、西夜王。	建武九年，莎车王康去世，谥号为“宣成王”。弟弟贤继位，莎车国攻破拘弥国、西夜国，杀了他们的国王，莎车王立了哥哥康的两个儿子为拘弥王、西夜王。	In the ninth year, Kang died. He was awarded the posthumous title of “Fully Accomplished King.” His younger brother, Xian, succeeded him on the throne. Xian attacked and conquered the kingdoms of Jumi and Xiye, killed both their kings, and installed two sons of his elder brother, Kang, as the kings of Jumi and Xiye.
十四年，贤与鄯善王安并遣使诣阙贡献，于是西域始通。葱领以东诸国皆属贤。	建武十四年，莎车王贤与鄯善王安派遣使者，前来洛阳贡献财物，从此西域与汉朝恢复联系。葱岭以东诸国，皆属于莎车王贤管辖。	In the fourteenth year, Xian together with An, the king of Shanshan, sent envoys to the Imperial Palace to offer tribute. Following this, the Western Regions were in communication with China again. All the kingdoms to the east of the Congling were dependent on Xian.
十七年，贤复遣使奉献，请都护。天子以问大司空窦融，以为贤父子兄弟相约事汉，款诚又至，宜加号位以镇安之。	建武十七年，莎车王贤派遣使者，前来洛阳贡献财物，奏请朝廷，向西域派出都护。光武帝就此事征询大司空窦融的意见，窦融认为，莎车王贤父子兄弟世代忠诚汉朝，现在又出于至诚前来朝贡，可以为莎车王加尊号、尊位，以利在西域管控其他国家。	In the seventeenth year, Xian again sent an envoy to present offerings to the Emperor, and to ask that a Protector General be appointed. The Son of Heaven questioned the Grand Minister of Works Dou Rong about this. He was of the opinion that Xian and his sons and brothers who had pledged to serve the Han were truly sincere, so it would be appropriate to give him higher rank to maintain order and security.
帝乃因其使，赐贤西域都护印绶，及车旗黄金锦绣。	光武帝通过莎车国来使，赐予莎车王贤西域都护印绶，还有象征权力的乘舆、旗帜、黄金、锦绣。	The Emperor then, using the same envoy that Xian had sent, bestowed upon him the seal and ribbon of “Protector General of the Western Regions,” and gave him chariots, standards, gold, brocades and embroideries.
敦煌太守裴遵上言：“夷狄不可假以大权，又令诸国失望。”	敦煌郡太守裴遵上奏：“不可把权力交予夷狄，否则，会令西域诸国失望。”	Pei Zun, the Governor of Dunhuang, wrote saying that foreigners should not be allowed to employ such great authority and that these decrees would cause the kingdoms to despair.
诏书收还都护印绶，更赐贤以汉大将军印绶。	光武帝又以诏书形式，收回都护印绶，重新赐予莎车王贤“汉大将军印绶”。	An Imperial decree then ordered that the seal and ribbons of “Protector General” be recovered, and replaced with the seal and ribbon of “Great Han General.”
其使不肯易，遵迫夺之，贤由是始恨。	莎车国来使不肯归还都护印绶，裴遵逼迫来使交还印绶，莎车王贤为此事心怀怨恨。	Xian’s envoy refused to make the exchange, and Pei Zun took them by force. Consequently, Xian became resentful.
而犹诈称大都护，移书诸国，诸国悉服属焉，号贤为单于。	在西域，仍然对外诈称大都护，向西域诸国发布文告，西域诸国臣服于莎车国，称呼贤为单于。	Furthermore, he falsely named himself “Great Protector General,” and sent letters to all the kingdoms. They all submitted to him, and bestowed the title of Chanyu on him.
贤浸以骄横，重求赋税，数攻龟兹诸国，诸国愁惧。	莎车王贤变得骄横起来，向西域诸国征收赋税，多次进攻龟兹等国，西域诸国惶恐不安。	Xian gradually became arrogant making heavy demands for duties and taxes. Several times he attacked Qiuci and the other kingdoms. All the kingdoms were anxious and fearful.
二十一年冬，车师前王、鄯善、焉耆等十八国俱遣子入侍，献其珍宝。	建武二十一年冬天，车师前王、鄯善王、焉耆王等十八个国家的国王，派儿子到洛阳来侍奉天子，同时向朝廷贡献珍宝。	In the winter of the twenty-first year, eighteen kings, including the king of Nearer Jushi, Shanshan, Yanqi, and others, sent their sons to enter the service of the Emperor and offered treasure.
及得见，皆流涕稽首，愿得都护。	及至来到洛阳，向天子叩头哭诉，请求汉朝向西域派出都护。	As a result, they were granted audience, weeping and prostrating with their foreheads to the ground, in the hope of obtaining a Protector General.
天子以中国初定，北边未服，皆还其侍子，厚赏赐之。	光武帝认为中原刚刚安定，北边匈奴还未臣服，又送诸王子返回西域，同时厚加赏赐。	The Son of Heaven, considering that the Middle Kingdom was just beginning to return to peace and that the northern frontier regions were still unsettled, returned all the hostage princes with generous gifts.
是时贤自负兵强，欲并兼西域，攻击益甚。	当时，莎车王贤自负国家兵强马壮，欲兼并整个西域，对外多次进攻他国。	At the same time, Xian, infatuated with his military power, wanted to annex the Western Regions, and greatly increased his attacks.
诸国闻都护不出，而侍子皆还，大忧恐，乃与敦煌太守檄，愿留侍子以示莎车，言侍子见留，都护寻出，冀且息其兵。	西域诸国知道朝廷不肯派出都护，而王子又先后返回，大为恐慌，于是，向敦煌郡太守发去公文，愿意将王子暂留在敦煌，以此向莎车王示威，告诉莎车国，王子仍然留在中原，西域都护很快就要到来，希望借此阻止莎车王用兵。	The kingdoms, informed that no Protector General would be sent, and that the hostage princes were all returning, were very worried and frightened. Therefore they sent a letter to the Governor of Dunhuang to ask him to detain their hostage sons with him, so that they could point this out to the king of Suoche, and tell him that their young hostage sons were detained because a Protector General was to be sent, hoping he would stop his hostilities.
裴遵以状闻，天子许之。	裴遵将情况奏报朝廷，天子批准西域诸国的请求。	Pei Zun sent an official report informing the Emperor of this proposal, which he approved.
二十二年，贤知都护不至，遂遗鄯善王安书，令绝通汉道。	建武二十二年，莎车王贤得知朝廷不会派西域都护来，遂向鄯善王安寄去书信，命令鄯善王阻断通向汉朝的通道。	In the twenty-second year, Xian, aware that no Protector General was coming, sent a letter to An, king of Shanshan, ordering him to cut the route to the Han.
安不纳而杀其使。	鄯善王安当即拒绝，同时杀了莎车国来使。	An did not accept this order, and killed the envoy.
贤大怒，发兵攻鄯善。安迎战，兵败，亡入山中。	莎车王贤大怒，遂发兵攻打鄯善国。鄯善王安迎战，战事不利，逃往山中。	Xian was furious and sent soldiers to attack Shanshan. An gave battle but was defeated and fled into the mountains.
贤杀略千余人而去。	莎车王贤杀了鄯善国大约一千余人，而后撤军。	Xian killed or captured more than a thousand men, and then withdrew.
其冬，贤复攻杀龟兹王，遂兼其国。	当年冬天，莎车王贤又攻打龟兹国，杀了龟兹王，随后兼并龟兹国。	That winter, Xian returned and attacked Qiuci, killed the king, and annexed the kingdom.
鄯善、焉耆诸国侍子久留敦煌，愁思，皆亡归。	鄯善王善、焉耆王及西域诸王子留在敦煌郡，思念家乡，愁苦不安，都逃了回去。	The hostage princes of Shanshan, Yanqi and the other kingdoms were detained a long time at Dunhuang and became worried, so they fled and returned to their kingdoms.
鄯善王上书，愿复遣子入侍，更请都护。都护不出，诚迫于匈奴。	鄯善王上书朝廷，请求再次送王子到洛阳来，侍奉皇帝，同时请求朝廷，向西域派出都护，如果不派都护，西域诸国迫于形势，将臣服于匈奴。	The king of Shanshan wrote a letter to the Emperor expressing his desire to send his son again to enter the service of the Emperor, and again pleaded for a Protector General, saying that if a Protector General were not sent, he would be forced to obey the Xiongnu.
天子报曰：“今使者大兵未能得出，如诸国力不从心，东西南北自在也。”	光武帝回信：“还不能派使者和汉军，如果西域诸国力不从心，西域诸国，无论东西南北，可以自行决定去向。”	The Son of Heaven replied: “We are not able, at the moment, to send out envoys and Imperial troops so, in spite of their good wishes, each kingdom should seek help as they please, wherever they can, to the east, west, south, or north.”
于是鄯善、车师复附匈奴，而贤益横。	于是，鄯善国、车师国相继臣服于匈奴，而莎车王贤更加骄横。	Following this, Shanshan and Jushi again submitted to the Xiongnu. Meanwhile, Xian became increasingly violent.
妫塞王自以国远，遂杀贤使者，贤击灭之，立其国贵人驷鞬为妫塞王。	妫塞王自以为距离莎车国遥远，杀了莎车王贤派来的使者，莎车王贤随即灭亡妫塞国，立了妫塞国贵族驷鞬为妫塞王。	The king of Guisai, reckoning that his kingdom was far enough away, killed Xian’s envoy. Xian then attacked and killed him. He appointed a nobleman from that country, Si Jian, king of Guisai.
贤又自立其子则罗为龟兹王。	莎车王贤又立了自己的儿子则罗为龟兹王。	Furthermore, Xian appointed his own son, Ze Luo, to be king of Qiuci.
贤以则罗年少，乃分龟兹为乌垒国，徙驷鞬为乌垒王，又更以贵人为妫塞王。	莎车王贤考虑到则罗年龄幼小，又将龟兹分出一个乌垒国，改立驷鞬为乌垒王，又任命莎车国一位贵族为妫塞王。	Xian, taking account of the youth of Ze Luo, detached a part of the territory from Qiuci to form the kingdom of Wulei. He transferred Si Jian to the post of king of Wulei, and appointed another noble to the post of king of Guisai.
数岁，龟兹国人共杀则罗、驷鞬，而遣使匈奴，更请立王。	几年后，龟兹人杀了则罗、驷鞬，派遣使者出使匈奴，请求匈奴为龟兹确立王位继承人。	Several years later, the people of the kingdom of Qiuci killed Ze Luo and Si Jian, and sent envoys to the Xiongnu to ask them to appoint a king to replace them.
匈奴立龟兹贵人身毒为龟兹王，龟兹由是属匈奴。	匈奴立了龟兹贵族身毒为龟兹王。从此，龟兹国臣服于匈奴。	The Xiongnu established a nobleman of Qiuci, Shen Du, to be king of Qiuci, making it dependent on the Xiongnu.
贤以大宛贡税减少，自将诸国兵数万人攻大宛，大宛王延留迎降，贤因将还国，徙拘弥王桥塞提为大宛王。	莎车王贤认为大宛国缴纳的贡赋太少，于是，亲自率领西域诸国军队数万人攻打大宛国，大宛王延留投降，莎车王贤随后将大宛王延留带回莎车国，改立拘弥王桥塞提为大宛王。	Because Dayuan stopped paying tribute and taxes, Xian personally took command of several tens of thousands of men taken from several kingdoms, and attacked Dayuan. Yan Liu, the king of Dayuan, came before him to submit. Xian took advantage of this to take him back to his own kingdom. Then he transferred Qiao Saiti, the king of Jumi, to the post of king of Dayuan.
而康居数攻之，桥塞提在国岁余，亡归，贤复以为拘弥王，而遣延留还大宛，使贡献如常。	致使康居国多次攻打大宛国。桥塞提在大宛国一年，逃回拘弥国，莎车王贤立桥塞提为拘弥王，又将延留送回大宛国，命令大宛王延留继续向莎车国缴纳贡赋。	Then Kangju attacked him there several times and Qiao Saiti fled home more than a year later. Xian appointed him king of Jumi and sent Yan Liu back to Dayuan, ordering him to bring the customary tribute and offerings.
贤又徙于窴王俞林为骊归王，立其弟位侍为于窴王。	莎车王贤还将于阗王俞林改立为骊归王，立于阗王的弟弟位侍为于阗王。	Xian also banished the king of Yutian, Yu Lin, to be king of Ligui and set up his younger brother, Weishi, as king of Yutian.
岁余，贤疑诸国欲畔，召位侍及拘弥、姑墨、子合王，尽杀之，不复置王，但遣将镇守其国。	一年后，莎车王贤怀疑西域诸国欲反叛莎车，召来位侍和拘弥王、姑墨生、子合王，将他们全部杀害，不再恢复这些国家的王位，只是派将军镇守。	More than a year later Xian became suspicious that the kingdoms wanted to rebel against him. He summoned Weishi, and the kings of Jumi, Gumo, and Zihe, and killed them all. He didn’t set up any more kings, he just sent generals to maintain order and guard these kingdoms.
位侍子戎亡降汉。封为守节侯。	位侍的儿子戎逃往汉朝，光武帝封戎为守节侯。	Rong, the son of Weishi, submitted to the Han, who named him “Probationary Military Prince.”
莎车将君得在于窴暴虐，百姓患之。	莎车将军君得在于阗国残暴肆虐，荼毒百姓，招致百姓怨恨。	A general from Suoche, named Jun De, had been posted to Yutian and tyrannised the people there who became indignant.
明帝永平三年，其大人都末出城，见野豕，欲射之。豕乃言曰：“无射我，我乃为汝杀君得。”	明帝永平三年，于阗国一位将军都末出城，看到一头野猪，欲射杀野猪。野猪突然开口讲话，说：“不要射杀我，我为你杀君得。”	In the third yongping year, during the reign of Emperor Ming, a high official of this country, called Du Mo, had left town when he saw a wild pig. He wanted to shoot it, but the pig said to him: “Do not shoot me, I will undertake to kill Jun De for you.”
都末因此即与兄弟共杀君得。	此后，都末与兄弟一起杀了莎车将军君得。	Following this, Du Mo plotted with his brothers and killed Jun De.
而大人休莫霸复与汉人韩融等杀都末兄弟，自立为于窴王，复与拘弥国人攻杀莎车将在皮山者，引兵归。	另外一位将军休莫霸，与汉人韩融等人联手，杀了都末兄弟，自立为于阗王，又与拘弥国人攻打并杀了莎车在皮山国的将军，而后撤军。	However, another high official, Xiu Mo Ba, plotted with a Chinese man, Han Rong, and others, to kill Du Mo and his brothers, then he named himself king of Yutian. Together with men from the kingdom of Jumi, he attacked and killed the Suoche general who was at Pishan. He then returned with the soldiers.
于是贤遣其太子、国相，将诸国兵二万人击休莫霸，霸迎与战，莎车兵败走，杀万余人。	莎车王贤派遣莎车国太子、国相，率领西域诸国军队两万人，攻打休莫霸，休莫霸迎战，莎车军队败走，于阗王休莫霸杀了联军一万余人。	Then Xian sent his Heir Apparent, his Counselor-delegate, and generals, leading 20,000 soldiers from several kingdoms, to attack Xiu Mo Ba. Xiu Mo Ba came to meet them and gave battle, defeating the soldiers of Suoche who fled, and more than 10,000 of them were killed.
贤复发诸国数万人，自将击休莫霸，霸复破之，斩杀过半，贤脱身走归国。	莎车王贤再次调动西域诸国军队数万，亲自率领，前来攻打休莫霸。休莫霸再次大败联军，斩杀过半，莎车王贤仅以身免，逃回国内。	Xian again fielded several tens of thousands of men from several kingdoms, and personally led them to attack Xiu Mo Ba. Xiu Mo Ba was again victorious and beheaded more than half of the enemy. Xian escaped and fled, returning to his kingdom.
休莫霸进围莎车，中流矢死，兵乃退。	休莫霸随即包围莎车国，在激战中，休莫霸身中流矢，死于战场，于阗国撤军。	Xiu Mo Ba advanced and encircled Suoche, but he was hit and killed by an arrow, and his soldiers retreated to Yutian.
于窴国相苏榆勒等共立休莫霸兄子广德为王。	于阗国相苏榆勒等人拥立休莫霸哥哥的儿子广德为于阗王。	Suo Yule, Counselor-delegate of Yutian, appointed Guang De, the son of Xiu Mo Ba’s elder brother, king.
匈奴与龟兹诸国共攻莎车，不能下。	匈奴与龟兹等国共同攻打莎车国，不能取胜。	The Xiongnu, with Qiuci and the other kingdoms, attacked Suoche, but were unable to take it.
广德承莎车之敝，使弟辅国侯仁将兵攻贤。	于阗王广德乘莎车失势之机，派弟弟辅国侯仁率领军队，再次攻打莎车。	Guang De, taking advantage of Suoche’s exhaustion, sent his younger brother, the Bulwark Marquis of State Ren, commanding an army to attack Xian.
贤连被兵革，乃遣使与广德和。	莎车王贤接连遭受兵燹，只好派出使者，与于阗王广德讲和。	Xian, having suffered successive military campaigns, sent envoys to make peace with Guang De.
先是广德父拘在莎车数岁，于是贤归其父，而以女妻之，结为昆弟，广德引兵去。	此前，于阗王广德的父亲，被拘押在莎车国数年，莎车王贤送回于阗王广德的父亲，还把女儿嫁给广德为妻，与广德结为兄弟，于阗王广德这才引兵撤退。	Guang De’s father had previously been detained for several years in Suoche. Xian returned Guang De’s father and also gave his daughter in marriage to Guang De, making a fraternal alliance. Guang De then withdrew his soldiers and left.
明年，莎车相且运等患贤骄暴，密谋反城降于窴。	第二年，莎车国相且运等人担心莎车王贤继续在国内施暴，密谋投降于阗国。	In the following year, Qie Yun, the Administrator of Suoche, and others, worried by Xian’s arrogance and cruelty, plotted to make the town submit to Yutian.
于窴王广德乃将诸国兵三万人攻莎车。	于阗王广德率领西域诸国军队三万人，攻打莎车。	Guang De, the king of Yutian, then led 30,000 men from several kingdoms to attack Suoche.
贤城守，使使谓广德曰：“我还汝父，与汝妇，汝来击我，何为？”	莎车王贤据城坚守，派使者告诉于阗王广德：“我已经送回你的父亲，还把女儿嫁给你，你为何还要攻打我？”	Xian stayed in the town to defend it and sent a messenger to say to Guang De: “I have given you your father and a wife. Why are you attacking me?”
广德曰：“王，我妇父也，久不相见，愿各从两人会城外结盟。”	广德答：“莎车王，你是我妻子的父亲，久不相见，愿各自带领两名随从，在城外会盟。”	Guang De replied to him: “O king, you are the father of my wife. It has been a long time since we met. I want us to meet, each escorted by only two men, outside the town wall to make an alliance.”
贤以问且运，且运曰：“广德女婿，至亲，宜出见之。”	莎车王贤就此事咨询且运的意见，且运答：“广德王是大王的女婿，可以出城相见。”	Xian consulted Qie Yun about this. Qie Yun said to him: “Guang De is your son-in-law, a close relative. You should go out to see him.”
贤乃轻出，广德遂执贤。	莎车王贤听信国相且运的建议，遂轻车出城，于阗王广德当即将莎车王贤扣押。	Xian then rashly went out. Guang De advanced and captured him.
而且运等因内于窴兵，虏贤妻子而并其国。	莎车国相且运等人，则在城内配合于阗军队，逮捕莎车王贤的妻子儿女，献出国家，于阗国兼并莎车国。	In addition, Qie Yun and his colleagues let the soldiers of Yutian into the town to capture Xian’s wife and children and annex his kingdom.
锁贤将归，岁余杀之。	于阗王将莎车王贤锁拿归国，一年后，杀了莎车王。	He put Xian in chains and took him home with him. More than a year later, he killed him.
匈奴闻广德灭莎车，遣五将发焉耆、尉黎、龟兹十五国兵三万余人围于窴，广德乞降，以其太子为质，约岁给罽絮。	匈奴得知于阗王广德灭了莎车国，随即派遣五位将军，征调焉耆、尉黎、龟兹，共计十五国军队，三万余人，围攻于阗国，于阗王广德乞降，又向匈奴送去太子为人质，答应每年向匈奴缴纳毡毯毛絮。	When the Xiongnu heard that Guang De had defeated Suoche (Yarkand), they sent five generals leading more than 30,000 men from fifteen kingdoms including Yanqi (Karashahr), Weili (Korla), and Qiuci (Kucha), to besiege Yutian (Khotan). Guang De asked to submit. He sent his Heir Apparent as a hostage and promised to give felt padding each year.
冬，匈奴复遣兵将贤质子不居徵立为莎车王，广德又攻杀之，更立其弟齐黎为莎车王，章帝元和三年也。	当年冬天，匈奴派遣军队，护送莎车王贤在匈奴的儿子不居徵返回莎车，立为莎车王。于阗王广德又杀了不居徵，重新立不居徵的弟弟齐黎为莎车王，这是章帝元和三年的事情。	In winter, the Xiongnu ordered soldiers to take Xian’s son, Bu Juzheng, who was a hostage with them, to appoint him king of Suoche (Yarkand). Guang De again attacked and killed [the new king], and put his own son, Qi Li, on the throne. It was then the third yuanhe year of Emperor Zhang.
时，长史班超发诸国兵击莎车，大破之，由是遂降汉。	此后，西域长史班超，征调西域诸国军队攻打莎车，大获全胜，从此莎车投降汉朝。	While this was going on the Aide Ban Chao put the soldiers of several kingdoms on campaign to attack Suoche (Yarkand). He soundly defeated it. From this time on Suoche (Yarkand) was subject to the Han.
事已具《班超传》。	详情记载在《班超传》。	These things have already been described in the biography of Ban Chao.
莎车东北至疏勒。	从莎车国向东北行可抵达疏勒国。	Leaving Suoche (Yarkand) towards the northeast you reach Shule (Kashgar).
疏勒国，去长史所居五千里，去洛阳万三百里。领户二万一千，胜兵三万余人。	疏勒国距离西域长史府五千里，距离洛阳一万零三百里。有户口数二万一千户，可以当兵的有三万余人。	The Kingdom of Shule (Kashgar) is 5,000 li from the residence of the Aide (Lukchun), and 10,300 li from Luoyang. It controls 21,000 households, and has more than 30,000 men able to bear arms.
明帝永平十六年，龟兹王建攻杀疏勒王成，自以龟兹左侯兜题为疏勒王。	明帝永平十六年，龟兹王建攻打并杀了疏勒王成，立龟兹左侯兜题为疏勒王。	In the sixteenth yongping year of Emperor Ming, Jian, the king of Qiuci (Kucha), attacked and killed Cheng, the king of Shule (Kashgar). Then he appointed the Qiuci (Kucha) Marquis of the Left, Dou Ti, king of Shule (Kashgar).
冬，汉遣军司马班超劫缚兜题，而立成之兄子忠为疏勒王。	当年冬天，汉廷派遣军司马班超，擒获兜题，重新立疏勒王成哥哥的儿子忠为疏勒王。	In winter, the Han sent the Division Commander Ban Chao who arrested Dou Ti, and tied him up. He appointed Zhong, the son of the elder brother of Cheng, to be king of Shule (Kashgar).
忠后反畔，超击斩之。	忠后来背叛汉朝，班超杀了忠。	Zhong later rebelled. (Ban) Chao attacked and beheaded him.
事已具《超传》。	详情记载在《班超传》。	These things have already been described in the biography of (Ban) Chao.
安帝元初中，疏勒王安国以舅臣磐有罪，徙于月氏。	安帝元初年间，疏勒王安国以舅舅臣盘有罪，将臣盘流放到月氏国。	During the yuanchu period in the reign of Emperor An, An Guo, the king of Shule (Kashgar), exiled his maternal uncle Chen Pan to the Yuezhi (Kushans) for some offence.
月氏王亲爱之。	月氏王很欣赏臣盘。	The king of the Yuezhi became very fond of him.
后安国死，无子，母持国政，与国人共立臣磐同产弟子遗腹为疏勒王。	后来，疏勒王安国去世，没有儿子，由母亲主持国政，与国人一起，又立了臣盘同父异母兄弟的儿子遗腹为疏勒王。	Later, An Guo died without leaving a son. His mother directed the government of the kingdom. She agreed with the people of the country to put Yi Fu (literally, ‘Posthumous Child’), who was the son of a younger brother of Chen Pan, and born of the same mother as him, on the throne as king of Shule (Kashgar).
臣磐闻之，请月氏王曰：“安国无子，种人微弱，若立母氏，我乃遗腹叔父也，我当为王。”	臣盘听说后，向月氏王请求：“安国没有儿子，国人衰弱，如果立遗腹为王，我是遗腹的叔父，我应该为王。”	Chen Pan heard of this and appealed to the Yuezhi (Kushan) king, saying: “An Guo had no son. The men of his mother’s family are young and weak. I am Yi Fu’s paternal uncle; it is I who should be king.”
月氏乃遣兵送还疏勒。	月氏国派遣军队，护送臣盘返回疏勒国。	The Yuezhi (Kushans) then sent soldiers to escort him back to Shule (Kashgar).
国人素敬爱臣磐，又畏惮月氏，即共夺遗腹印绶，迎臣磐立为王，更以遗腹为磐稿城侯。	国人一向敬重臣盘，又畏惧月氏国，遂夺去疏勒王的印绶，迎立臣盘为疏勒王，臣盘贬遗腹为盘焒城侯。	The people had previously respected and been fond of Chen Pan. Besides, they dreaded the Yuezhi (Kushans). They immediately took the seal and ribbon from Yi Fu and went to Chen Pan, and made him king. Yi Fu was given the title of Marquis of the town of Pangao.
后莎车连畔于窴，属疏勒，疏勒以强，故得与龟兹、于窴为敌国焉。	后来，莎车反叛于阗国，臣服于疏勒国，疏勒国变得强大起来，既而与龟兹国、于阗国为敌。	Then Suoche (Yarkand) continued to resist (Khotan), and put themselves under Shule (Kashgar). Shule (Kashgar) thus became very powerful and hostile to Qiuci (Kucha) and Yutian (Khotan), even attacking these kingdoms.
顺帝永建二年，臣磐遣使奉献，帝拜臣磐为汉大都尉，兄子臣勋为守国司马。	顺帝永建二年，疏勒王臣盘派遣使者，向汉朝贡献财物，顺帝拜臣盘为“汉大都尉”，拜臣盘哥哥的儿子臣勋为“守国司马”。	In the second yongjian year during Emperor Shun’s reign, Chen Pan sent an envoy to respectfully present offerings. The Emperor bestowed on Chen Pan the title of Great Commandant-in-Chief for the Han. Chen Xun, who was the son of his elder brother, was appointed Probationary Commander of the Kingdom.
五年，臣磐遣侍子与大宛、莎车使俱诣阙贡献。	永建五年，臣盘派遣儿子与大宛国、莎车国使者一起，前来洛阳朝贡。	In the fifth year, Chen Pan sent his son to serve the Emperor and, along with envoys from Dayuan (Ferghana) and Suoche (Yarkand), brought tribute and offerings.
阳嘉二年，臣磐复献师子、封牛。	顺帝阳嘉二年，疏勒王臣盘又向汉朝贡献狮子、封牛。	In the second yangjia year, Chen Pan again made offerings (including) a lion and zebu cattle.
至灵帝建宁元年，疏勒王汉大都尉于猎中为其季父和得所射杀，和得自立为王。	到了灵帝建宁元年，疏勒王汉大都尉臣盘在打猎时，被叔父和得射杀，和得自立为疏勒王。	Then, during Emperor Ling’s reign, in the first jianning year, the king of Shule (Kashgar) and Commandant-in-Chief for the Han (Chen Pan), was shot while hunting by the youngest of his paternal uncles, He De. He De named himself king.
三年，凉州刺史孟佗遣从事任涉将敦煌兵五百人，与戊司马曹宽、西域长史张晏，将焉耆、龟兹、车师前后部，合三万余人，讨疏勒，攻桢中城，四十余日不能下，引去。	灵帝建宁三年，凉州刺史孟佗派遣从事任涉，率领敦煌驻军五百人，与戊司马曹宽、西域长史张晏，率领焉耆、龟兹、车师前后部，共计三万余人，讨伐疏勒国，攻打桢中城，四十余日不能攻陷，随后撤军。	In the third year, Meng Tuo, the Regional Inspector of Liangzhou, sent the Retainer Ren She, commanding five hundred soldiers from Dunhuang, with the Maoji Commander Cao Kuan, and Aide of the Western Regions, Zhang Yen, and with troops from Yanqi (Karashahr), Qiuci (Kucha), and the Nearer and Further Tribes of Jushi (Turfan and Jimasa), altogether numbering more than 30,000, to punish Shule (Kashgar). They attacked the town of Zhenzhong but, having stayed for more than forty days without being able to subdue it, they withdrew.
其后疏勒王连相杀害，朝廷亦不能禁。	再后来，疏勒王连相杀害，朝廷不能制止。	Following this, the kings of Shule (Kashgar) killed one another repeatedly while the Imperial Government was unable to prevent it.
东北经尉头、温宿、姑墨、龟兹至焉耆。	从疏勒国向东北行，经过尉头国、温宿国、姑墨国、龟兹国，到达焉耆国。	Northeast [from Shule] you pass through Weitou (Akqi), Wensu (Wushi or Uch Turfan), Gumo (Aksu), Qiuci (Kucha), and arrive at Yanqi (Karashahr).
焉耆国王居南河城，北去长史所居八百里，东去洛阳八千二百里。	焉耆王居住在南河城，向北距离西域长史府有八百里，向东距离洛阳，有八千二百里。	The king of the Kingdom of Yanqi (Karashahr) lives in the town of Nanhe (‘South River’), which is 800 li from the residence of the Aide (Lukchun), and is 8,200 li east of Luoyang.
户万五千，口五万二千，胜兵二万余人。	有户口数一万五千户，有人口数五万两千人，能够当兵的有两万余人。	It has 15,000 households, 52,000 individuals, and more than 20,000 men able to bear arms.
其国四面有大山，与龟兹相连，道险厄，易守。	国家四面皆有高山，与龟兹国接壤，沿途道路艰险，易守难攻。	It has high mountains on all four sides. There are hazardous passes on the route to Qiuci (Kucha) that are easy to defend.
有海水曲入四山之内，周匝其城三十余里。	有海水蜿蜒流入四山之间，环绕其城长达三十余里。	The water of a lake winds between the four mountains, and surrounds the town for more than 30 li.
永平末，焉耆与龟兹共攻没都护陈睦、副校尉郭恂，杀吏士二千余人。	明帝永平末年，焉耆国与龟兹国共同攻陷西域都护陈睦、副校尉郭恂，杀害汉朝官兵两千余人。	At the end of the yongping period, Yanqi (Karashahr) and Qiuci (Kucha) attacked, and killed the Protector General Chen Mu and Vice Commandant Guo Xun, and more than 2,000 officers and soldiers.
至永元六年，都护班超发诸国兵讨焉耆、危须、尉黎、山国，遂斩焉耆、尉黎二王首，传送京师，县蛮夷邸。	到了和帝永元六年，西域都护班超征调西域诸国军队，讨伐焉耆国、危须国、尉黎国、山国，斩杀焉耆王、尉黎王，将首级传送至京师洛阳，悬挂在蛮夷居住的闾巷大门。	In the sixth yongyuan year the Protector General Ban Chao put the soldiers of the various kingdoms on campaign to punish the kingdoms of Yanqi (Karashahr), Weixu (Hoxud), Weili (Korla), and Shanguo (in the western Kuruk mountains). He then sent the heads of the two kings of Yanqi (Karashahr) and Weili (Korla) to the capital where they were hung in front of the residences of the Man and Yi princes in the capital.
超乃立焉耆左候元孟为王，尉黎、危须、山国皆更立其王。	班超立焉耆左侯元孟为焉耆王，尉黎国、危须国、山国重新有新王继位。	(Ban) Chao then appointed Yuan Meng, who was the Yanqi (Karashahr) Marquis of the Left, king. The kings of Weili (Korla), Weixu (Hoxud), and Shanguo (in the western Kuruk mountains) were all replaced.
至安帝时，西域背畔。	到了安帝朝，西域背叛汉朝。	Then, during the reign of Emperor An, the Western Regions rebelled.
延光中，超子勇为西域长史，复讨定诸国。	安帝延光年间，班超的儿子班勇出使西域，担任西域长史，征伐、安定西域诸国。	During the yanguang period (Ban) Yong, (Ban) Chao’s son, was appointed Chief Scribe of the Western Regions. He punished and pacified the various kingdoms once again.
元孟与尉黎、危须不降。	焉耆王元孟和尉黎王、危须王不肯投降。	[Only] Yuan Meng, and [the kings of] Weili (Korla) and Weixu (Hoxud) refused to submit.
永建二年，勇与敦煌太守张朗击破之，元孟乃遣子诣阙贡献。	到了顺帝永建二年，班勇与敦煌郡太守张朗攻破焉耆国和尉黎国，焉耆王元孟派遣儿子到洛阳朝贡。	In the second yongjian year, (Ban) Yong, with Zhang Lang, the Governor of Dunhuang, attacked and defeated them. Yuan Meng sent his son then to the palace with offerings.
蒲类国，居天山西疏榆谷，东南去长史所居千二百九十里，去洛阳万四百九十里。	蒲类国在天山西边的疏榆谷地，东南距离西域长史府有一千二百九十里，距离洛阳有一万零四百九十里。	The Kingdom of Pulei is west of the Tianshan Mountains, in the Shuyu (‘Scattered Elms’) Valley. On the southeast, it is 1,290 li from the residence of the Aide [in Lukchun]. It is 10,490 li from Luoyang.
户八百余，口二千余，胜兵七百余人。	有户口数八百余户，有人口数二千余，能够当兵的有七百余人。	It has more than 800 households, more than 2,000 individuals, and there are more than 700 men able to bear arms.
庐帐而居，逐水草，颇知田作。	蒲类国人习惯于居住帐篷，逐水草放牧牲畜，也会种植庄稼。	The people of this country live in tents. They tend to move about in search of water and pasture and cultivate some fields.
有牛、马、骆驼、羊畜。	国民饲养有牛、马、骆驼、羊。	They have cattle, horses, camels, sheep, and other domestic animals.
能作弓矢。	国民会制作弓箭。	They know how to make bows and arrows.
国出好马。	国中出产良马。	This country produces good horses.
蒲类本大国也，前西域属匈奴，而其王得罪单于，单于怒，徙蒲类人六千余口，内之匈奴右部阿恶地，因号曰阿恶国。	蒲类国原来是一个大国，此前，西域诸国臣服于匈奴，蒲类王得罪匈奴单于，匈奴单于大怒，将蒲类国人口掳走六千余口，安置在匈奴右部阿恶地，起名字叫“阿恶国”。	Pulei was originally a large kingdom but when the Western Regions were subject to the Xiongnu, the king of Pulei offended the Chanyu. The Chanyu was angry and had more than 6,000 people from Pulei deported to a place called the Awu region of the right [or western] section of the Xiongnu. That is why this kingdom was called the kingdom of Awu.
南去车师后部马行九十余日。	蒲类国向南行，前往车师后部，骑马要走九十余日。	To the south it is more than 90 days ride by horse to the tribe of Further Jushi (Jimasa).
人口贫羸，逃亡山谷间，故留为国云。	此后，蒲类国人口贫弱，逃亡到山谷间，仍然保留国名。	It is said that [some of] the poor, miserable people fled into the mountain valleys where they settled and established a kingdom [here at Pulei].
移支国，居蒲类地。	移支国占领蒲类国。	The Kingdom of Yizhi is in the Pulei region.
户千余，口三千余，胜兵千余人。	有户口数一千余户，有人口数三千余人，能够当兵的有一千余人。	It has more than 1,000 households, more than 3,000 individuals, and more than 1,000 men able to bear arms.
其人勇猛敢战，以寇抄为事。	移支国人勇猛善战，以抢劫为能事。	These people are brave and hardy in combat. Robbery and pillage are their normal occupations.
皆被发，随畜逐水草，不知田作。	习惯于披头散发，逐水草放牧牲畜，不懂得田间耕作。	They all have dishevelled hair. They follow their flocks in search of water and pasture. They know nothing of agriculture.
所出皆与蒲类同。	国内出产与蒲类国大致相同。	Their products are the same as those of Pulei.
东且弥国，东去长史所居八百里，去洛阳九千二百五十里。	从东且弥国向东行，距离西域长史府八百里，距离洛阳九千二百五十里。	To the east of the Kingdom of Eastern Qiemi, it is 800 li to the residence of the Aide. It is 9,250 li from Luoyang.
户三千余，口五千余，胜兵二千余人。	有户口数三千余户，有人口数五千余，能够当兵的有两千余人。	There are more than 3,000 households, more than 5,000 individuals, and more than 2,000 men able to bear arms.
庐帐居，逐水草，颇田作。	国民居住在帐篷中，逐水草放牧，懂得田间耕作。	The people live in tents. They go in search of water and pasture. They farm a bit.
其所出有亦与蒲类同。	国内出产物品与蒲类国相似。	The produce is the same as Pulei.
所居无常。	其居住地不固定。	They are nomads.
车师前王居交河城。	车师前王住在交河城。	The king of Nearer Jushi lives in the town of Jiaohe.
河水分流绕城，故号交河。	交河水分流，绕过交河城，因此叫交河。	A river divides into two and surrounds the town, which is why it is called Jiaohe.
去长史所居柳中八十里，东去洛阳九千一百二十里。	交河距离西域长史府柳中八十里，向东行距离洛阳九千一百二十里。	It is 80 li from Liuzhong, the residence of the Chief Scribe. To the east it is 9,120 li to Luoyang.
领户千五百余，口四千余，胜兵二千人。	有户口数一千五百余户，有人口数四千余，能够当兵的有两千人。	He controls more than 1,500 households, more than 4,000 individuals, and 2,000 men able to bear arms.
后王居务涂谷，去长史所居五百里，去洛阳九千六百二十里。	车师后王住在务涂谷，距离西域长史府五百里，距离洛阳九千六百二十里。	The Further Jushi King lives in the Wutu Valley, which is 500 li from the seat of the Aide, and 9,620 li from Luoyang.
领户四千余，口万五千余，胜兵三千余人。	有户口数四千余户，有人口数一万五千余，能够当兵的有三千余人。	He controls more than 4,000 households, more than 15,000 individuals, and more than 3,000 men able to bear arms.
前后部及东且弥、卑陆、蒲类、移支，是为车师六国。	车师前后部和东且弥国、卑陆国、蒲类国、移支国，通称为车师六国。	The Nearer and Further Tribes, with Eastern Qiemi, Beilu, Pulei, and Yizhi make up the ‘Six Kingdoms of Jushi’.
北与匈奴接，前部西通焉耆北道，后部西通乌孙。	北边与匈奴接壤。车师前部向西行，可通向焉耆国北道，车师后部向西行，可通往乌孙国。	They are bordered by the Xiongnu to the north. The Nearer Tribe communicates to the west with Yanqi via the Northern Route. The Further Tribe communicates to the west with the Wusun.
建武二十一年，与鄯善、焉耆遣子入侍，光武遣还之，乃附属匈奴。	建武二十一年，车师国与鄯善国、焉耆国一起，派遣王子前来京师洛阳，入宫侍奉皇帝，光武帝又将他们送回，之后，车师国臣服于匈奴。	In the twenty-first jianwu year, the king of Further Jushi with the kings of Shanshan and Yanqi, sent their sons to enter the service of the Emperor. Emperor Guangwu sent them back, and then these kings submitted to and joined the Xiongnu.
明帝永平十六年，汉取伊吾卢，通西域，车师始复内属。	明帝永平十六年，汉朝攻取伊吾卢，打通西域通道，车师内附汉朝。	In the sixteenth yongping year of Emperor Ming, the Han took Yiwu so they could communicate with the Western Regions. Jushi then began to be dependant on the Empire again.
匈奴遣兵击之，复降北虏。	匈奴派兵进攻车师国，车师国再次投降北匈奴。	But the Xiongnu sent soldiers to attack it, and it renewed its submission to the Northern Savages.
和帝永元二年，大将军窦宪破北匈奴，车师震慑，前后王各遣子奉贡入侍，并赐印绶金帛。	和帝永元二年，大将军窦宪打败北匈奴，车师受到震动，前后部均派出王子，前来洛阳朝贡，同时留在洛阳侍奉皇帝。和帝赐予车师前、后部印绶、金、帛。	In the second yongyuan year of Emperor He, the General-in-Chief, Dou Xian, conquered the Northern Xiongnu. Jushi trembled in terror. Both the Nearer and the Further kings sent one of their sons with tribute to enter into the service of the Emperor. Seals and ribbons, gold, and lengths of silk were bestowed on these two kings.
八年，戊己校尉索頵欲废后部王涿鞮，立破虏侯细致。	和帝永元八年，戊己校尉索頵欲废黜车师后王涿鞮，立破虏侯细致为车师后王。	In the eighth year, the Maoji Commandant, Suo Jun, was about to depose Zhuo Di, who was king of the Further Tribe, and put Xi Zhi, the ‘Conqueror of the Savages Marquis,’ on the throne.
涿鞮忿前王尉卑大卖己，因反击尉卑大，获其妻子。	涿鞮怨恨车师前王尉卑大出卖自己，攻击尉卑大，俘虏尉卑大的妻子儿女。	Zhuo Di was angry that the Nearer King had betrayed him, so he retaliated by taking the offensive against Wei Beida, king of the Nearer Tribe. He captured his wife and son(s).
明年，汉遣将兵长史王林，发凉州六郡兵及羌胡二万余人，以讨涿鞮，获首虏千余人。	第二年，汉廷派遣将军，率领汉军与西域长史王林一起征调凉州六郡驻军，以及羌、胡二万余人，讨伐涿鞮，斩杀俘虏一千余人。	The following year, the Han ordered the Aide-Commander, Wang Lin, to put the soldiers of the six commanderies subject to Liangzhou on campaign, plus more than 20,000 Qiang and Hu to search for Zhuo Di. They killed more than a thousand Savages.
涿鞮入北匈奴，汉军追击，斩之，立涿鞮弟农奇为王。	涿鞮投降北匈奴，汉军穷追猛打，斩杀涿鞮，而后，立涿鞮的弟弟农奇为车师后王。	Zhuo Di sought refuge on the territory of the Northern Xiongnu, but the Han army followed, attacked, and beheaded him. Nong Qi, the younger brother of Zhuo Di was appointed king.
至永宁元年，后王军就及母沙麻反畔，杀后部司马及敦煌行事。	安帝永宁元年，车师后王军就和母亲沙麻反叛，杀了车师后部司马及敦煌代理长史索班。	In the first yongning year, Jun Jiu, the king of the Further Tribe, and his mother, Sha Ma, rebelled. They killed the Regional Commander who arrived to handle matters for Dunhuang.
至安帝延光四年，长史班勇击军就，大破，斩之。	安帝延光四年，西域长史班勇进攻车师后王军就，大破车师军队，杀了军就。	In the fourth yanguang year, during Emperor An’s reign, the Aide Ban Yong, attacked Jun Jiu, defeated him soundly, and beheaded him.
顺帝永建元年，勇率后王农奇子加特奴及八滑等，发精兵击北虏呼衍王，破之。	顺帝永建元年，班勇率领车师后王农奇的儿子加特奴及八滑等人，调动精兵进攻北匈奴呼衍王，大败北匈奴。	In the first yongjian year, during Emperor Shun’s reign, Ban Yong led the sons of Nong Qi, king of the Further Tribe, Jia Tenu, Ba Hua, and others on campaign with some elite troops to attack the king of the Huyan clan of the Northern Savages, and defeated him.
勇于是上立加特奴为后王，八滑为后部亲汉侯。	班勇奏请朝廷，立加特奴为车师后王，拜八滑为车师后部亲汉侯。	Ban Yong installed Jia Tenu as the king of the Further Tribe. Ba Hua was named ‘Marquis of the Further Tribe Allied to the Han.’
阳嘉三年夏，车师后部司马率加特奴等千五百人，掩击北匈奴于阊吾陆谷，坏其庐落，斩数百级，获单于母、季母及妇女数百人，牛、羊十余万头，车千余两，兵器什物甚众。	顺帝阳嘉三年夏天，车师后部司马率领加特奴等一千五百人，在阊吾陆谷掩杀北匈奴，毁坏匈奴居住的帐篷，斩杀数百人，擒获北单于的母亲、叔母和妇女数百人，缴获牛羊十万余头，车辆一千余辆，其他兵器、什物甚多。	In summer of the third yangjia year, the Commander of the Further Tribe of Jushi led Jia Tenu and 1,500 men to launch an attack against the Northern Xiongnu in the Changwulu Valley. He destroyed their dwellings and camps and beheaded several hundred men. He captured the mother and aunt of the Chanyu and a hundred other women. He took more than 100,000 oxen and sheep, more than a thousand carts, and a huge number of arms and other things.
四年春，北匈奴呼衍王率兵侵后部，帝以车师六国接近北虏，为西域蔽扞，乃令敦煌太守发诸国兵，及玉门关候、伊吾司马，合六千三百骑救之，掩击北虏于勒山，汉军不利。	顺帝阳嘉四年春天，北匈奴呼衍王率领部众，进攻车师后部。顺帝认为车师六国接近北匈奴，是西域屏蔽汉朝的屏障，于是，诏令敦煌郡太守征调西域诸国军队，还有玉门关候、伊吾司马，共计六千三百骑兵，救援车师后部，在勒山掩杀北匈奴，汉军战事不利。	In spring of the fourth year, the king of the Huyan clan of the Northern Xiongnu led troops to invade the territory of the Further Tribe. Because the Six Kingdoms of Jushi bordered on the Northern Savages and protected the Western Regions, the Emperor ordered the Governor of Dunhuang to send out troops from all the kingdoms as well as the Captain of the Yumen frontier-pass, and the Commander of Yiwu, altogether 6,300 cavalrymen, in a surprise attack on the Northern Savages near Leshan. The Chinese army was not successful.
秋，呼衍王复将二千人攻后部，破之。	当年秋天，北匈奴呼衍王率领二千人，攻打车师后部，大败车师军队。	That autumn, the king of the Huyan clan again led 2,000 men to attack the Further Tribe and defeated them.
桓帝元嘉元年，呼衍王将三千余骑寇伊吾，伊吾司马毛恺遣吏兵五百人于蒲类海东与呼衍王战，悉为所没，呼衍王遂攻伊吾屯城。	桓帝元嘉元年，北匈奴呼衍王率领三千余骑兵，寇掠伊吾国，伊吾国司马毛恺派遣官兵五百人，在蒲类海东边与呼衍王大战，几乎全军覆没，此后，呼衍王攻打伊吾屯田城。	In the first yuanjia year, the king of the Huyan clan led more than 3,000 cavalrymen to invade Yiwu. Mao Kai, the Commander of Yiwu, sent five hundred officers and soldiers to the east of Lake Pulei. They fought the king of the Huyan clan, but were all killed there. Following this, the Huyan king attacked the garrison town of Yiwu.
夏，遣敦煌太守司马达将敦煌、酒泉，张掖属国吏士四千余人救之，出塞至蒲类海，呼衍王闻而引去，汉军无功而还。	当年夏天，桓帝派遣敦煌郡太守司马达，率领敦煌郡、酒泉郡、张掖郡属国军队四千余人前往救援，出塞抵达蒲类海，呼衍王闻讯遂引军撤退，汉军无功而返。	In the summer, Commander Da, Governor of Dunhuang, was sent at the head of more than 4,000 officers and troops recruited from Jiuquan, Zhangye, and the vassal kingdoms, to go to the aid of Yiwu. He left the frontier regions and arrived at Lake Pulei, but the Huyan king, warned of his coming, had already retreated. The Chinese army could not attack him and returned.
永兴元年，军师后部王阿罗多与戊部候严皓不相得，遂忿戾反畔，攻围汉屯田且固城，杀伤吏士。	桓帝永兴元年，车师后王阿罗多与戊部候严皓发生矛盾，盛怒之下背叛朝廷，围攻汉军驻扎在且固城的屯田部队，杀伤汉军官兵。	In the first yongxing year, Aluoduo, king of the Tribe of Further Jushi, and Yan Hao, Captain of the Mao Troop, had a disagreement. The king became angry and rebelled. He besieged and attacked the State Farm at the town of Qiegu, killing and wounding some of the officers and men.
后部候炭遮领余人畔阿罗多，诣汉吏降。	车师后部候炭遮率领一部分人，背叛阿罗多，向汉朝官吏投降。	Tan Zhe, the Captain of the Further Tribe, led the rest of the people to rebel against Aluoduo, and proceed to the Chinese officials to submit.
阿罗多迫急，将其母妻子，从百余骑亡走北匈奴中。	阿罗多惶急之下，带着母亲、妻子儿女、随从一百余人，骑马逃往北匈奴。	Aluoduo hurriedly took his mother, wife, and children away with him and, with more than a hundred cavalrymen, fled to the Northern Xiongnu.
敦煌太守宋亮上立后部故王军就质子卑君为后部王。	敦煌郡太守宋亮奏请朝廷，立车师后部已故国王军就在洛阳的侍子卑君为车师后王。	Song Liang, the Governor of Dunhuang, installed Bei Jun, the son of the former king of the Further Tribe, Jun Jiu, who had been a hostage at the Chinese Court, as king of the Further Tribe.
后阿罗多复从匈奴中还，与卑君争国，颇收其国人。	后来，阿罗多从北匈奴返回，与卑君争夺王位，许多车师后部国人归附阿罗多。	Later, Aluoduo returned from among the Xiongnu and struggled with Bei Jun for control of his kingdom. Quite a few of the people supported him.
戊校尉阎详虑其招引北虏，将乱西域，乃开信告示，许复为王。	敦煌郡戊校尉阎详担心阿罗多会引来北匈奴，祸乱西域，于是开诚布公告诉阿罗多，允许阿罗多复位担任车师后王。	The Mao Commander Yan Xiang was worried that he would attract the Northern Savages causing disturbances in the Western Regions. He, therefore, informed him that he would authorize him to be king again.
阿罗多乃诣详降。	阿罗多向阎详投降。	Aluoduo therefore went to Yan Xiang to submit.
于是收夺所赐卑君印绶，更立阿罗多为王。	阎祥收去赐予卑君的王位印绶，重新立阿罗多为车师后王。	He was given the seal and ribbon that had been bestowed on, and then taken away from, Bei Jun, and Aluoduo was made king.
仍将卑君还敦煌，以后部人三百帐别属役之，食其税。	将卑君接回敦煌郡，又将车师后部三百余帐分配给卑君管辖，享受税收。	As before, Bei Jun was taken to Dunhuang. Three hundred tents of people from the Further Tribe guarding the frontiers were put under his control to provide revenue for him.
帐者，犹中国之户数也。	一帐相当于中原的一户。	as is done in China with households.
论曰：西域风土之载，前古未闻也。	评论如下：西域的风土人情，古代传下来的史书没有详细记载。	The Commentary says: The natural conditions and customs of the Western Regions were not known in ancient times.
汉世张骞怀致远之略，班超奋封侯之志，终能立功西遐，羁服外域。	前汉在武帝朝，张骞凿通西域，完成武帝制服匈奴的战略构想。及至后汉，班超在西域担任都护，建立功勋，实现万里封侯之志。	In the Han era, Zhang Qian conveyed (our) goodwill to remote regions – through his astuteness. Ban Chao deployed all his energy and earned a Marquisate – through his ambition. In the end, they were able to accomplish glorious deeds in the far West, restraining and subduing foreign kingdoms.
自兵威之所肃服，财赂之所怀诱，莫不献方奇，纳爱质，露顶肘行，东向而朝天子。	汉朝管控西域，首先以武威降伏，既而用怀柔政策，西域诸国向汉朝贡献财物，派遣爱子到京师充当侍子。西域诸国使者，翻越沙漠戈壁，历经艰难险阻，到达长安、洛阳来朝见天子。	The reputation of our soldiers made them submit. Rich gifts were sent to win them over to us. None of them neglected to present the marvellous products of their countries in homage, and with sincere affection. With bared heads, they walked towards the east on their [knees and] elbows before the Imperial Court and the Son of Heaven.
故设戊己之官，分任其事；建都护之帅，总领其权。	朝廷在西域设置戊己校尉，负责屯田；任命西域都护，建立府衙，管护诸国。	Therefore mao and ji officials were established to share responsibility for these affairs. The Protector General and an army corps were put in control to exercise authority.
先驯则赏籯金以赐龟绶，后服则系头颡而衅北阙。	先臣服于汉者，朝廷向国王颁发龟纽印绶，赏赐黄金；后臣服于汉者，朝廷派出军队，以武力镇压，迫使其俯首称臣；桀骜不驯者，汉军斩杀其国王头颅，悬挂在朝廷北阙。	Those who yielded early were rewarded with baskets of gold, and button seals in the form of tortoises and seal ribbons were granted to pacify them. Those who submitted late had their heads hung at the Northern Gate [of the Capital, Luoyang], which was rubbed with their blood.
立屯田于膏腴之野，列邮置于要害之路。	汉军在西域驻扎有屯田官，在膏腴之地实施屯田，在通往西域的戈壁大漠，沿途设置亭障、驿站。	State Farms were created in the fertile regions. Relay stations were established in strategic positions.
驰命走驿，不绝于时月；商胡贩客，日款于塞下。	来往于西域的使者，相望于道。胡商客贩，每日叩响关门，聚集于塞下。	allowing orders to travel quickly between the main postal stations at all seasons. Hu (‘Western’) merchants coming to trade, and travellers, arrived at the frontier regions every day.
其后甘英乃抵条支而历安息，临西海以望大秦，拒玉门、阳关者四万余里，靡不周尽焉。	西域都护派出使者甘英抵达条支，游历安息，在西海之滨眺望大秦。大秦距离玉门关、阳关有四万余里，汉使足迹踏遍西域。	Later, Gan Ying travelled to Tiaozhi (Characene and Susiana), crossing Anxi (Parthia), to the Western Sea (the Persian Gulf), observing Da Qin (the Roman Empire) from a distance. Beyond the Yumen and Yang frontier-passes, for more than 40,000 li, there is no country he did not cross.
若其境俗性智之优薄，产载物类之区品，川河领障之基源，气节凉暑之通隔，梯山栈谷、绳行沙度之道，身热首痛、风灾鬼难之域，莫不备写情形，审求根实。	至于西域的风土人情，百姓的风俗习惯，各种物产，山川河流，沿途险阻，气候炎凉，与汉地差异甚大。汉使攀山践谷，身历栈道凶险，忍受暑热蒸腾，沙漠戈壁令人头痛难忍，狂风呼啸，犹如步入鬼域，甘英将沿途经历，莫不详细地记录下来。	As regards their territories, customs, temperaments, their excellent and vast wisdom; the sorts of things they produce; the obstructive narrows of the mountain torrents and rivers as far as their sources, the differences of climate and temperature, the routes across the mountains by hanging footpaths and by rope [bridges] across the valleys, and across the sandy desert; the suffering from fevers, rheumatic aches, plagues, demons, and disasters as far as the frontiers [of China] – I have tried to record the true situation by examining authentic sources.
至于佛道神化，兴自身毒，而二汉方志，莫有称焉。	甘英还追根溯源，了解到被人们神化的佛教来自身毒（注：古印度），前汉、后汉志对此均无记载。	Regarding the Buddhist Way of transforming the soul – it arose in Juandu (India). Nevertheless, the two Han monographs [the Hanshu and Hou Hanshu] say nothing about it.
张骞但著地多暑湿，乘象而战，班勇虽列其奉浮图，不杀伐，而精文善法、导达之功，靡所传述。	张骞在回忆时，只是强调身毒国暑热潮湿，战士骑乘大象打仗。班勇虽然详述身毒人信奉浮图，不伤害生灵，但对佛法劝导人们向善、佛经引导人们修炼并没有详细记载。	Zhang Qian noted only that: ‘this country is hot and humid. The people ride elephants into battle.’ Although Ban Yong explained that they revere the Buddha, and neither kill nor fight, he has recorded nothing about the excellent texts, virtuous Law, and meritorious teachings and guidance.
余闻之后说也，其国则殷乎中土，玉烛和气。	汉以后，关于佛教的传闻渐多。身毒国富饶，类似于中原，当地气候终年温润。	As for myself, here is what I have heard: This kingdom is even more flourishing than China. The seasons are in harmony.
灵圣之所降集，贤懿之所挺生，神迹诡怪，则理绝人区，感验明显，则事出天外。	神灵在此地降临，先圣先贤诞生在此地，神灵故事，传说诡异，不同于凡人世界，似乎是天外来客。	Saintly beings descend and congregate there. Great Worthies arise there. Strange and extraordinary marvels occur such that human reason is suspended. By examining and exposing the emotions, one can reach beyond the highest heavens.
而骞、超无闻者，岂其道闭往运，数开叔叶乎？不然，何诬异之甚也！	张骞、班超对此均未有详细记载，难道是关塞阻隔所致？佛教在中原的传播，此前也并不兴盛，在乱世之后才枝叶繁茂，有很多神灵故事。	Meanwhile, (Zhang) Qian and (Ban) Yong heard nothing of this. It is unfortunate that the Way was previously closed, only to be opened towards the end of the period, but that is how it was. Why make inflated and false claims?
汉自楚英始盛斋戒之祀，桓帝又修华盖之饰。	东汉从楚王刘英后信奉佛教，举行斋戒。到了桓帝朝，又为佛教修建华丽的庙宇。	It was from the time of [Liu] Ying, [the king] of Zhu, during the Han, that fasting rather than killing and sacrificing animals became popular for the first time; and then Emperor Huan prepared a canopy to adorn [a statue of the Buddha].
将微义未译，而但神明之邪？	对佛教经义还未翻译，只是对佛教神灵顶礼膜拜。	Subtle concepts were not examined – only the folk deities.
详其清心释累之训，空有兼遣之宗，道书之流也。	考察佛教徒清心寡欲，欲摆脱世俗的心理，恐怕也是为了排解心中苦闷，以及对虚妄世界的向往，这也符合道家精神。	To examine and comment upon [the Buddhist texts] it is necessary to purify the heart and cultivate ‘emptiness’ while dismissing the [various] sects. The Taoist books follow the same line.
且好仁恶杀，蠲敝崇善，所以贤达君子多爱其法焉。	而且，佛教崇尚仁义，憎恶杀害生灵；崇尚善良，排斥邪恶，这也是君子喜爱佛教的原因之一。	Moreover, to cherish unselfish love and loathe killing, to purify oneself and honour virtue is the way the Superior Man demonstrates morality and really conveys the Dharma to others.
然好大不经，奇谲无已，虽邹衍谈天之辩，庄周蜗角之论，尚未足以概其万一。	然而佛教故事大多荒诞不经，故事诡异，即使邹衍谈天说地、庄周奇谈怪论，也不及佛教故事的描写。	[However, the Buddhists] have become boastful without any foundation, and speak in endless monstrous parables. Even Zou Yan’s discussions on heaven, and the dissertations of Zhuang Zhou on the tentacles of a snail, are not a ten-thousandth part [of the Buddhist extravagances].
又精灵起灭，因报相寻。若晓而昧者，故通人多惑焉。	还有，灵魂不灭，转世轮回，因果报应，听起来似乎有道理，仔细考察，又充满矛盾。通达之人对于佛教，多持怀疑。	Also, [the Buddhist doctrines on] the origin and extinction of souls, and the relationship between cause and effect are obscure and difficult to understand, which is why many people doubt them.
盖导俗无方，适物异会，取诸同归，措夫疑说，则大道通矣。	教化世人并无一定之规，佛教有符合世道人心之处。殊途同归，抛弃诡异的内容，教化世人的道理，其实相通。	It is really not the way to guide the common people. To reach everybody, one should take that which all the doctrines agree on, and thus deal with people’s doubts. Then the Great Dao will certainly be transmitted.
赞曰：逖矣西胡，天之外区。	赞辞如下：逖矣西胡，天之外区。c	The Western Hu are far away. They live in an outer zone.
土物琛丽，人性淫虚。	土物琛丽，人性淫虚。	Their countries’ products are beautiful and precious, But their character is debauched and frivolous.
不率华礼，莫有典书。	不率华礼，莫有典书。	They do not follow the rites of China. Han has the canonical books.
若微神道，何恤何拘！	若微神道，何恤何拘。	They do not obey the Way of the Gods. How pitiful! How obstinate!